Lexical Resource Semantics - User contributions [en]

File:Bla.jpg

2013-01-28T19:41:23Z

BorisL:

NMTS-Group8

2013-01-28T19:40:56Z

BorisL: /* Exercise III (Types) */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

(Back to the [[NMTS_Meeting_2#Groups|group overview]])

= Wikipage of Group 8 =

== Overview ==

=== Members ===

* [[User:IngoM| Ingo Müller]]
* [[User:Moonhwa9113| Moonhwa Lindemann ]]
* [[User:BorisL| Boris Lehn]]
* [[User:FlorianB| Florian Bast ]]
* [[User:Hilâl| Hilâl Ünal]]

=== Short description of the topic ===

Sorts:

In semantics, there are different sorts of entities. You distinguish between entities which represent a single person or object and entities that represent a group of persons/objects. Additionally, you differentiate between concrete and abstract entities. A concrete entity refers to a specific object, e.g. a particular being (which usually has a name); on the other hand, an abstract entity refers to a non-specific object.

'''Example:'''

The sentence ''The dodo is extinct'' refers to the entire species (of the dodo) and "the dodo" is therefore an abstract entity, i.e. a ''kind''. 
On the contrary, the sentence ''My dodo is extinct (or rather, dead)'', obviously neglecting the fact that dodos in general do not exist anymore, refers to a specific dodo, which thus is a concrete entity, i.e. an ''object''.

The same goes for events. An event can be either concrete or abstract.

Types:

In logic and semantics a concept of type is often used to distinguish different
kinds of expression (and of semantic value). These types are used as syntactic
categories for the expressions in the semantic representation language. Each type
will correspond to a certain set of possible denotations. 
The (minimal) set of basic types is {e, t}: 
– e (for entity) is the type of individual terms 
– t (for truth value) is the type of formulae 
All pairs <ϭ, τ> made up of (basic or complex) types ϭ, τ
are types. <ϭ, τ> is the type of functions which map
arguments of type ϭ to values of type τ. 
In short: The set of types is the smallest set T such that
e,tєT, and if ϭ,τ єT, then also <ϭ,τ> єT.

== References and links ==

=== References ===
Kearns, K. (2000): ''Semantics'' 
Lohnstein, H. (2011): ''Formale Semantik und natürliche Sprache''

=== Links ===
[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/projects/noun-phrase/report.htm The English Noun Phrase: an empirical study] 
[http://stp.ling.uu.se/~matsd/uv/uv05/ads1/ho2.pdf UPPSALA UNIVERSITET - Algoritmer för datorlingvistisk semantik I] 
[http://www.cs.rhul.ac.uk/~zhaohui/LACL11.pdf Zhaohui Luo - Word Meanings in Type-Theoretical Semantics]

= Our e-learning objects =

== Our wiki pages ==


* in the Glossary:
** [[Glossary:Heteronym]]: the entry for ''Heteronymy''
** [[Glossary:Homonym]]: the entry for ''Homonymy''
** [[Glossary:Sorts/Types]]: the entry for ''Sorts/Types''

== Our podcasts ==


Sorts:

<mediaplayer>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EK6tqXdmFwk&feature=youtu.be</mediaplayer>

== Our materials for an interactive whiteboard ==


[http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~sailer/nmts-wise1213/MiniPresentation-Sorts.notebook Minipresentation on sorts]

[http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~sailer/nmts-wise1213/Sorttype.notebook Presentation on types and sorts]

== Our pictures ==

<gallery>
File:Bild0705.jpg|IngoM
File:Boris_Profilbild.jpg|BorisL
File:Portrait fb.jpg|FlorianB
File:Kayseri.jpg|Hilâl
File: Moonhwa.jpg‎|Moonhwa
</gallery>

== Our exercises ==




===Exercise I (Types)===

Take a look at the following sentences! Which types does the word in ''italics'' require in each sentence?

1) Homer ''slept''. 
2) Homer ''choked'' Bart. 
3) Moe ''sold'' beer to Homer. 
4) Maggie ''hates'' Baby Gerald.

For the solutions, mark the following paragraph (which is seemingly empty) with your mouse.


1) <e,t> - ''sleep'' is an intransitive verb that does not require an object 
2) <e,<e,t>> - ''choke'' is a transitive verb and requires a direct object 
3) <e,<e,<e,t>>> - ''sell'' is a bi-transitive verb and requires a direct object as well as an indirect object 
4) <e,<e,t>> - ''hate'' is a transitive verb and requires a direct object 


===Exercise II (Sorts)===

Decide whether the words marked in ''italics'' in the following sentences refer to concrete/abstract single/group obejcts/events!

'''Example:''' ''The election of Mayor Quimby'' took place on Sunday.

'''Solution:''' ''The election of Mayor Quimby'' refers to a concrete (single) event.

1) ''Mr. Burns'' likes his nuclear power plant. 
2) ''The Springfield Elementary students'' met at the gymnasium. 
3) ''Nuclear meltdowns'' happen a lot in Springfield. 
4) ''The three-eyed fish'' could be extinct soon.

For the solutions, mark the following paragraph (which is seemingly empty) with your mouse.


1) ''Mr. Burns'' refers to a concrete single object, i.e. an individual. 
2) ''The Springfield Elementary students'' refers to a concrete group object, i.e. a group of individuals. 
3) ''Nuclear meltdowns'' refers to an abstract group event. 
4) ''The three-eyed fish'' refers to an abstract group object, i.e. a kind.


===Exercise III (Types)===

a) '''Draw a hierarchical tree of the predicate give’, which is of the type''' <e,<e,<e,t>>>: 
b) '''Draw a hierarchical tree of the predicate kiss’, which is of the type''' <e,<,t>>: 
c) '''Draw a hierarchical tree of the predicate offer’, which is of the type''' <e,<e,<e,t>>>: 

The solutions are displayed below.

[[File:xyz.jpg]]

[[File:bla.jpg]]

NMTS-Group8

2013-01-28T19:40:28Z

BorisL: /* Exercise III (Types) */

NMTS-Group8

2013-01-28T19:40:03Z

BorisL: /* Exercise III (Types) */

File:Xyz.jpg

2013-01-28T19:37:13Z

BorisL:

File:Solution 1.jpg

2013-01-28T19:35:15Z

BorisL:

NMTS-Group8

2013-01-28T19:28:44Z

BorisL: /* Exercise III (Types) */

NMTS-Group8

2013-01-28T19:24:43Z

BorisL: /* Exercise III (Types) */

NMTS-Group8

2013-01-28T19:23:49Z

BorisL: /* Exercise III (Types) */

NMTS-Group8

2013-01-28T19:21:47Z

BorisL: /* Exercise III (Types) */

File:Exercise 3 (Types) 03.jpeg

2013-01-28T19:19:54Z

BorisL:

File:Exercise 3 (Types) 02.jpg

2013-01-28T19:17:01Z

BorisL:

NMTS-Group8

2013-01-28T19:16:22Z

BorisL: /* Exercise III (Types) */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

(Back to the [[NMTS_Meeting_2#Groups|group overview]])

= Wikipage of Group 8 =

== Overview ==

=== Members ===

* [[User:IngoM| Ingo Müller]]
* [[User:Moonhwa9113| Moonhwa Lindemann ]]
* [[User:BorisL| Boris Lehn]]
* [[User:FlorianB| Florian Bast ]]
* [[User:Hilâl| Hilâl Ünal]]

=== Short description of the topic ===

Sorts:

In semantics, there are different sorts of entities. You distinguish between entities which represent a single person or object and entities that represent a group of persons/objects. Additionally, you differentiate between concrete and abstract entities. A concrete entity refers to a specific object, e.g. a particular being (which usually has a name); on the other hand, an abstract entity refers to a non-specific object.

'''Example:'''

The sentence ''The dodo is extinct'' refers to the entire species (of the dodo) and "the dodo" is therefore an abstract entity, i.e. a ''kind''. 
On the contrary, the sentence ''My dodo is extinct (or rather, dead)'', obviously neglecting the fact that dodos in general do not exist anymore, refers to a specific dodo, which thus is a concrete entity, i.e. an ''object''.

The same goes for events. An event can be either concrete or abstract.

Types:

In logic and semantics a concept of type is often used to distinguish different
kinds of expression (and of semantic value). These types are used as syntactic
categories for the expressions in the semantic representation language. Each type
will correspond to a certain set of possible denotations. 
The (minimal) set of basic types is {e, t}: 
– e (for entity) is the type of individual terms 
– t (for truth value) is the type of formulae 
All pairs <ϭ, τ> made up of (basic or complex) types ϭ, τ
are types. <ϭ, τ> is the type of functions which map
arguments of type ϭ to values of type τ. 
In short: The set of types is the smallest set T such that
e,tєT, and if ϭ,τ єT, then also <ϭ,τ> єT.

== References and links ==

=== References ===
Kearns, K. (2000): ''Semantics'' 
Lohnstein, H. (2011): ''Formale Semantik und natürliche Sprache''

=== Links ===
[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/projects/noun-phrase/report.htm The English Noun Phrase: an empirical study] 
[http://stp.ling.uu.se/~matsd/uv/uv05/ads1/ho2.pdf UPPSALA UNIVERSITET - Algoritmer för datorlingvistisk semantik I] 
[http://www.cs.rhul.ac.uk/~zhaohui/LACL11.pdf Zhaohui Luo - Word Meanings in Type-Theoretical Semantics]

= Our e-learning objects =

== Our wiki pages ==


* in the Glossary:
** [[Glossary:Heteronym]]: the entry for ''Heteronymy''
** [[Glossary:Homonym]]: the entry for ''Homonymy''
** [[Glossary:Sorts/Types]]: the entry for ''Sorts/Types''

== Our podcasts ==


Sorts:

<mediaplayer>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EK6tqXdmFwk&feature=youtu.be</mediaplayer>

== Our materials for an interactive whiteboard ==


[http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~sailer/nmts-wise1213/MiniPresentation-Sorts.notebook Minipresentation on sorts]

[http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~sailer/nmts-wise1213/Sorttype.notebook Presentation on types and sorts]

== Our pictures ==

<gallery>
File:Bild0705.jpg|IngoM
File:Boris_Profilbild.jpg|BorisL
File:Portrait fb.jpg|FlorianB
File:Kayseri.jpg|Hilâl
File: Moonhwa.jpg‎|Moonhwa
</gallery>

== Our exercises ==




===Exercise I (Types)===

Take a look at the following sentences! Which types does the word in ''italics'' require in each sentence?

1) Homer ''slept''. 
2) Homer ''choked'' Bart. 
3) Moe ''sold'' beer to Homer. 
4) Maggie ''hates'' Baby Gerald.

For the solutions, mark the following paragraph (which is seemingly empty) with your mouse.


1) <e,t> - ''sleep'' is an intransitive verb that does not require an object 
2) <e,<e,t>> - ''choke'' is a transitive verb and requires a direct object 
3) <e,<e,<e,t>>> - ''sell'' is a bi-transitive verb and requires a direct object as well as an indirect object 
4) <e,<e,t>> - ''hate'' is a transitive verb and requires a direct object 


===Exercise II (Sorts)===

Decide whether the words marked in ''italics'' in the following sentences refer to concrete/abstract single/group obejcts/events!

'''Example:''' ''The election of Mayor Quimby'' took place on Sunday.

'''Solution:''' ''The election of Mayor Quimby'' refers to a concrete (single) event.

1) ''Mr. Burns'' likes his nuclear power plant. 
2) ''The Springfield Elementary students'' met at the gymnasium. 
3) ''Nuclear meltdowns'' happen a lot in Springfield. 
4) ''The three-eyed fish'' could be extinct soon.

For the solutions, mark the following paragraph (which is seemingly empty) with your mouse.


1) ''Mr. Burns'' refers to a concrete single object, i.e. an individual. 
2) ''The Springfield Elementary students'' refers to a concrete group object, i.e. a group of individuals. 
3) ''Nuclear meltdowns'' refers to an abstract group event. 
4) ''The three-eyed fish'' refers to an abstract group object, i.e. a kind.


===Exercise III (Types)===

a) '''Draw a hierarchical tree of the predicate give’, which is of the type''' <e,<e,<e,t>>>: 
b) '''Draw a hierarchical tree of the predicate kiss’, which is of the type''' <e,<,t>>: 
c) '''Draw a hierarchical tree of the predicate offer’, which is of the type''' <e,<e,<e,t>>>: 

For the solutions, click on the internal link.

[[File:Exercise 3 (Types)_02.jpg|Exercise 3 (Types)_02.jpg]]

[[File:Exercise 3 (Types)_03|Exercise 3 (Types)_03]]

NMTS-Group8

2013-01-28T19:15:35Z

BorisL: /* Exercise III (Types) */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

(Back to the [[NMTS_Meeting_2#Groups|group overview]])

= Wikipage of Group 8 =

== Overview ==

=== Members ===

* [[User:IngoM| Ingo Müller]]
* [[User:Moonhwa9113| Moonhwa Lindemann ]]
* [[User:BorisL| Boris Lehn]]
* [[User:FlorianB| Florian Bast ]]
* [[User:Hilâl| Hilâl Ünal]]

=== Short description of the topic ===

Sorts:

In semantics, there are different sorts of entities. You distinguish between entities which represent a single person or object and entities that represent a group of persons/objects. Additionally, you differentiate between concrete and abstract entities. A concrete entity refers to a specific object, e.g. a particular being (which usually has a name); on the other hand, an abstract entity refers to a non-specific object.

'''Example:'''

The sentence ''The dodo is extinct'' refers to the entire species (of the dodo) and "the dodo" is therefore an abstract entity, i.e. a ''kind''. 
On the contrary, the sentence ''My dodo is extinct (or rather, dead)'', obviously neglecting the fact that dodos in general do not exist anymore, refers to a specific dodo, which thus is a concrete entity, i.e. an ''object''.

The same goes for events. An event can be either concrete or abstract.

Types:

In logic and semantics a concept of type is often used to distinguish different
kinds of expression (and of semantic value). These types are used as syntactic
categories for the expressions in the semantic representation language. Each type
will correspond to a certain set of possible denotations. 
The (minimal) set of basic types is {e, t}: 
– e (for entity) is the type of individual terms 
– t (for truth value) is the type of formulae 
All pairs <ϭ, τ> made up of (basic or complex) types ϭ, τ
are types. <ϭ, τ> is the type of functions which map
arguments of type ϭ to values of type τ. 
In short: The set of types is the smallest set T such that
e,tєT, and if ϭ,τ єT, then also <ϭ,τ> єT.

== References and links ==

=== References ===
Kearns, K. (2000): ''Semantics'' 
Lohnstein, H. (2011): ''Formale Semantik und natürliche Sprache''

=== Links ===
[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/projects/noun-phrase/report.htm The English Noun Phrase: an empirical study] 
[http://stp.ling.uu.se/~matsd/uv/uv05/ads1/ho2.pdf UPPSALA UNIVERSITET - Algoritmer för datorlingvistisk semantik I] 
[http://www.cs.rhul.ac.uk/~zhaohui/LACL11.pdf Zhaohui Luo - Word Meanings in Type-Theoretical Semantics]

= Our e-learning objects =

== Our wiki pages ==


* in the Glossary:
** [[Glossary:Heteronym]]: the entry for ''Heteronymy''
** [[Glossary:Homonym]]: the entry for ''Homonymy''
** [[Glossary:Sorts/Types]]: the entry for ''Sorts/Types''

== Our podcasts ==


Sorts:

<mediaplayer>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EK6tqXdmFwk&feature=youtu.be</mediaplayer>

== Our materials for an interactive whiteboard ==


[http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~sailer/nmts-wise1213/MiniPresentation-Sorts.notebook Minipresentation on sorts]

[http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~sailer/nmts-wise1213/Sorttype.notebook Presentation on types and sorts]

== Our pictures ==

<gallery>
File:Bild0705.jpg|IngoM
File:Boris_Profilbild.jpg|BorisL
File:Portrait fb.jpg|FlorianB
File:Kayseri.jpg|Hilâl
File: Moonhwa.jpg‎|Moonhwa
</gallery>

== Our exercises ==




===Exercise I (Types)===

Take a look at the following sentences! Which types does the word in ''italics'' require in each sentence?

1) Homer ''slept''. 
2) Homer ''choked'' Bart. 
3) Moe ''sold'' beer to Homer. 
4) Maggie ''hates'' Baby Gerald.

For the solutions, mark the following paragraph (which is seemingly empty) with your mouse.


1) <e,t> - ''sleep'' is an intransitive verb that does not require an object 
2) <e,<e,t>> - ''choke'' is a transitive verb and requires a direct object 
3) <e,<e,<e,t>>> - ''sell'' is a bi-transitive verb and requires a direct object as well as an indirect object 
4) <e,<e,t>> - ''hate'' is a transitive verb and requires a direct object 


===Exercise II (Sorts)===

Decide whether the words marked in ''italics'' in the following sentences refer to concrete/abstract single/group obejcts/events!

'''Example:''' ''The election of Mayor Quimby'' took place on Sunday.

'''Solution:''' ''The election of Mayor Quimby'' refers to a concrete (single) event.

1) ''Mr. Burns'' likes his nuclear power plant. 
2) ''The Springfield Elementary students'' met at the gymnasium. 
3) ''Nuclear meltdowns'' happen a lot in Springfield. 
4) ''The three-eyed fish'' could be extinct soon.

For the solutions, mark the following paragraph (which is seemingly empty) with your mouse.


1) ''Mr. Burns'' refers to a concrete single object, i.e. an individual. 
2) ''The Springfield Elementary students'' refers to a concrete group object, i.e. a group of individuals. 
3) ''Nuclear meltdowns'' refers to an abstract group event. 
4) ''The three-eyed fish'' refers to an abstract group object, i.e. a kind.


===Exercise III (Types)===

a) '''Draw a hierarchical tree of the predicate give’, which is of the type''' <e,<e,<e,t>>>: 
b) '''Draw a hierarchical tree of the predicate kiss’, which is of the type''' <e,<,t>>: 
c) '''Draw a hierarchical tree of the predicate offer’, which is of the type''' <e,<e,<e,t>>>: 

For the solutions, click on the internal link.

<gallery>

[[File:Exercise 3 (Types)_02.jpg|]]
File:Exercise 3 (Types)_03|

NMTS-Group8

2013-01-28T19:14:54Z

BorisL: /* Exercise III (Types) */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

(Back to the [[NMTS_Meeting_2#Groups|group overview]])

= Wikipage of Group 8 =

== Overview ==

=== Members ===

* [[User:IngoM| Ingo Müller]]
* [[User:Moonhwa9113| Moonhwa Lindemann ]]
* [[User:BorisL| Boris Lehn]]
* [[User:FlorianB| Florian Bast ]]
* [[User:Hilâl| Hilâl Ünal]]

=== Short description of the topic ===

Sorts:

In semantics, there are different sorts of entities. You distinguish between entities which represent a single person or object and entities that represent a group of persons/objects. Additionally, you differentiate between concrete and abstract entities. A concrete entity refers to a specific object, e.g. a particular being (which usually has a name); on the other hand, an abstract entity refers to a non-specific object.

'''Example:'''

The sentence ''The dodo is extinct'' refers to the entire species (of the dodo) and "the dodo" is therefore an abstract entity, i.e. a ''kind''. 
On the contrary, the sentence ''My dodo is extinct (or rather, dead)'', obviously neglecting the fact that dodos in general do not exist anymore, refers to a specific dodo, which thus is a concrete entity, i.e. an ''object''.

The same goes for events. An event can be either concrete or abstract.

Types:

In logic and semantics a concept of type is often used to distinguish different
kinds of expression (and of semantic value). These types are used as syntactic
categories for the expressions in the semantic representation language. Each type
will correspond to a certain set of possible denotations. 
The (minimal) set of basic types is {e, t}: 
– e (for entity) is the type of individual terms 
– t (for truth value) is the type of formulae 
All pairs <ϭ, τ> made up of (basic or complex) types ϭ, τ
are types. <ϭ, τ> is the type of functions which map
arguments of type ϭ to values of type τ. 
In short: The set of types is the smallest set T such that
e,tєT, and if ϭ,τ єT, then also <ϭ,τ> єT.

== References and links ==

=== References ===
Kearns, K. (2000): ''Semantics'' 
Lohnstein, H. (2011): ''Formale Semantik und natürliche Sprache''

=== Links ===
[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/projects/noun-phrase/report.htm The English Noun Phrase: an empirical study] 
[http://stp.ling.uu.se/~matsd/uv/uv05/ads1/ho2.pdf UPPSALA UNIVERSITET - Algoritmer för datorlingvistisk semantik I] 
[http://www.cs.rhul.ac.uk/~zhaohui/LACL11.pdf Zhaohui Luo - Word Meanings in Type-Theoretical Semantics]

= Our e-learning objects =

== Our wiki pages ==


* in the Glossary:
** [[Glossary:Heteronym]]: the entry for ''Heteronymy''
** [[Glossary:Homonym]]: the entry for ''Homonymy''
** [[Glossary:Sorts/Types]]: the entry for ''Sorts/Types''

== Our podcasts ==


Sorts:

<mediaplayer>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EK6tqXdmFwk&feature=youtu.be</mediaplayer>

== Our materials for an interactive whiteboard ==


[http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~sailer/nmts-wise1213/MiniPresentation-Sorts.notebook Minipresentation on sorts]

[http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~sailer/nmts-wise1213/Sorttype.notebook Presentation on types and sorts]

== Our pictures ==

<gallery>
File:Bild0705.jpg|IngoM
File:Boris_Profilbild.jpg|BorisL
File:Portrait fb.jpg|FlorianB
File:Kayseri.jpg|Hilâl
File: Moonhwa.jpg‎|Moonhwa
</gallery>

== Our exercises ==




===Exercise I (Types)===

Take a look at the following sentences! Which types does the word in ''italics'' require in each sentence?

1) Homer ''slept''. 
2) Homer ''choked'' Bart. 
3) Moe ''sold'' beer to Homer. 
4) Maggie ''hates'' Baby Gerald.

For the solutions, mark the following paragraph (which is seemingly empty) with your mouse.


1) <e,t> - ''sleep'' is an intransitive verb that does not require an object 
2) <e,<e,t>> - ''choke'' is a transitive verb and requires a direct object 
3) <e,<e,<e,t>>> - ''sell'' is a bi-transitive verb and requires a direct object as well as an indirect object 
4) <e,<e,t>> - ''hate'' is a transitive verb and requires a direct object 


===Exercise II (Sorts)===

Decide whether the words marked in ''italics'' in the following sentences refer to concrete/abstract single/group obejcts/events!

'''Example:''' ''The election of Mayor Quimby'' took place on Sunday.

'''Solution:''' ''The election of Mayor Quimby'' refers to a concrete (single) event.

1) ''Mr. Burns'' likes his nuclear power plant. 
2) ''The Springfield Elementary students'' met at the gymnasium. 
3) ''Nuclear meltdowns'' happen a lot in Springfield. 
4) ''The three-eyed fish'' could be extinct soon.

For the solutions, mark the following paragraph (which is seemingly empty) with your mouse.


1) ''Mr. Burns'' refers to a concrete single object, i.e. an individual. 
2) ''The Springfield Elementary students'' refers to a concrete group object, i.e. a group of individuals. 
3) ''Nuclear meltdowns'' refers to an abstract group event. 
4) ''The three-eyed fish'' refers to an abstract group object, i.e. a kind.


===Exercise III (Types)===

a) '''Draw a hierarchical tree of the predicate give’, which is of the type''' <e,<e,<e,t>>>: 
b) '''Draw a hierarchical tree of the predicate kiss’, which is of the type''' <e,<,t>>: 
c) '''Draw a hierarchical tree of the predicate offer’, which is of the type''' <e,<e,<e,t>>>: 

For the solutions, click on the internal link.

<gallery>

File:Exercise 3 (Types)_02.jpg|
File:Exercise 3 (Types)_03|

NMTS-Group8

2013-01-28T19:10:15Z

BorisL: /* Exercise III (Types) */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

(Back to the [[NMTS_Meeting_2#Groups|group overview]])

= Wikipage of Group 8 =

== Overview ==

=== Members ===

* [[User:IngoM| Ingo Müller]]
* [[User:Moonhwa9113| Moonhwa Lindemann ]]
* [[User:BorisL| Boris Lehn]]
* [[User:FlorianB| Florian Bast ]]
* [[User:Hilâl| Hilâl Ünal]]

=== Short description of the topic ===

Sorts:

In semantics, there are different sorts of entities. You distinguish between entities which represent a single person or object and entities that represent a group of persons/objects. Additionally, you differentiate between concrete and abstract entities. A concrete entity refers to a specific object, e.g. a particular being (which usually has a name); on the other hand, an abstract entity refers to a non-specific object.

'''Example:'''

The sentence ''The dodo is extinct'' refers to the entire species (of the dodo) and "the dodo" is therefore an abstract entity, i.e. a ''kind''. 
On the contrary, the sentence ''My dodo is extinct (or rather, dead)'', obviously neglecting the fact that dodos in general do not exist anymore, refers to a specific dodo, which thus is a concrete entity, i.e. an ''object''.

The same goes for events. An event can be either concrete or abstract.

Types:

In logic and semantics a concept of type is often used to distinguish different
kinds of expression (and of semantic value). These types are used as syntactic
categories for the expressions in the semantic representation language. Each type
will correspond to a certain set of possible denotations. 
The (minimal) set of basic types is {e, t}: 
– e (for entity) is the type of individual terms 
– t (for truth value) is the type of formulae 
All pairs <ϭ, τ> made up of (basic or complex) types ϭ, τ
are types. <ϭ, τ> is the type of functions which map
arguments of type ϭ to values of type τ. 
In short: The set of types is the smallest set T such that
e,tєT, and if ϭ,τ єT, then also <ϭ,τ> єT.

== References and links ==

=== References ===
Kearns, K. (2000): ''Semantics'' 
Lohnstein, H. (2011): ''Formale Semantik und natürliche Sprache''

=== Links ===
[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/projects/noun-phrase/report.htm The English Noun Phrase: an empirical study] 
[http://stp.ling.uu.se/~matsd/uv/uv05/ads1/ho2.pdf UPPSALA UNIVERSITET - Algoritmer för datorlingvistisk semantik I] 
[http://www.cs.rhul.ac.uk/~zhaohui/LACL11.pdf Zhaohui Luo - Word Meanings in Type-Theoretical Semantics]

= Our e-learning objects =

== Our wiki pages ==


* in the Glossary:
** [[Glossary:Heteronym]]: the entry for ''Heteronymy''
** [[Glossary:Homonym]]: the entry for ''Homonymy''
** [[Glossary:Sorts/Types]]: the entry for ''Sorts/Types''

== Our podcasts ==


Sorts:

<mediaplayer>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EK6tqXdmFwk&feature=youtu.be</mediaplayer>

== Our materials for an interactive whiteboard ==


[http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~sailer/nmts-wise1213/MiniPresentation-Sorts.notebook Minipresentation on sorts]

[http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~sailer/nmts-wise1213/Sorttype.notebook Presentation on types and sorts]

== Our pictures ==

<gallery>
File:Bild0705.jpg|IngoM
File:Boris_Profilbild.jpg|BorisL
File:Portrait fb.jpg|FlorianB
File:Kayseri.jpg|Hilâl
File: Moonhwa.jpg‎|Moonhwa
</gallery>

== Our exercises ==




===Exercise I (Types)===

Take a look at the following sentences! Which types does the word in ''italics'' require in each sentence?

1) Homer ''slept''. 
2) Homer ''choked'' Bart. 
3) Moe ''sold'' beer to Homer. 
4) Maggie ''hates'' Baby Gerald.

For the solutions, mark the following paragraph (which is seemingly empty) with your mouse.


1) <e,t> - ''sleep'' is an intransitive verb that does not require an object 
2) <e,<e,t>> - ''choke'' is a transitive verb and requires a direct object 
3) <e,<e,<e,t>>> - ''sell'' is a bi-transitive verb and requires a direct object as well as an indirect object 
4) <e,<e,t>> - ''hate'' is a transitive verb and requires a direct object 


===Exercise II (Sorts)===

Decide whether the words marked in ''italics'' in the following sentences refer to concrete/abstract single/group obejcts/events!

'''Example:''' ''The election of Mayor Quimby'' took place on Sunday.

'''Solution:''' ''The election of Mayor Quimby'' refers to a concrete (single) event.

1) ''Mr. Burns'' likes his nuclear power plant. 
2) ''The Springfield Elementary students'' met at the gymnasium. 
3) ''Nuclear meltdowns'' happen a lot in Springfield. 
4) ''The three-eyed fish'' could be extinct soon.

For the solutions, mark the following paragraph (which is seemingly empty) with your mouse.


1) ''Mr. Burns'' refers to a concrete single object, i.e. an individual. 
2) ''The Springfield Elementary students'' refers to a concrete group object, i.e. a group of individuals. 
3) ''Nuclear meltdowns'' refers to an abstract group event. 
4) ''The three-eyed fish'' refers to an abstract group object, i.e. a kind.


===Exercise III (Types)===

a) '''Draw a hierarchical tree of the predicate give’, which is of the type''' <e,<e,<e,t>>>: 
b) '''Draw a hierarchical tree of the predicate kiss’, which is of the type''' <e,<,t>>: 
c) '''Draw a hierarchical tree of the predicate offer’, which is of the type''' <e,<e,<e,t>>>: 

For the solutions, click on the internal link.
<gallery>

File:Exercise 3 (Types)_02.jpg|
File:Exercise 3 (Types)_03|

NMTS-Group8

2013-01-28T19:06:33Z

BorisL: /* Exercise III (Types) */

NMTS-Group8

2013-01-28T19:05:26Z

BorisL: /* Exercise III (Types) */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

(Back to the [[NMTS_Meeting_2#Groups|group overview]])

= Wikipage of Group 8 =

== Overview ==

=== Members ===

* [[User:IngoM| Ingo Müller]]
* [[User:Moonhwa9113| Moonhwa Lindemann ]]
* [[User:BorisL| Boris Lehn]]
* [[User:FlorianB| Florian Bast ]]
* [[User:Hilâl| Hilâl Ünal]]

=== Short description of the topic ===

Sorts:

In semantics, there are different sorts of entities. You distinguish between entities which represent a single person or object and entities that represent a group of persons/objects. Additionally, you differentiate between concrete and abstract entities. A concrete entity refers to a specific object, e.g. a particular being (which usually has a name); on the other hand, an abstract entity refers to a non-specific object.

'''Example:'''

The sentence ''The dodo is extinct'' refers to the entire species (of the dodo) and "the dodo" is therefore an abstract entity, i.e. a ''kind''. 
On the contrary, the sentence ''My dodo is extinct (or rather, dead)'', obviously neglecting the fact that dodos in general do not exist anymore, refers to a specific dodo, which thus is a concrete entity, i.e. an ''object''.

The same goes for events. An event can be either concrete or abstract.

Types:

In logic and semantics a concept of type is often used to distinguish different
kinds of expression (and of semantic value). These types are used as syntactic
categories for the expressions in the semantic representation language. Each type
will correspond to a certain set of possible denotations. 
The (minimal) set of basic types is {e, t}: 
– e (for entity) is the type of individual terms 
– t (for truth value) is the type of formulae 
All pairs <ϭ, τ> made up of (basic or complex) types ϭ, τ
are types. <ϭ, τ> is the type of functions which map
arguments of type ϭ to values of type τ. 
In short: The set of types is the smallest set T such that
e,tєT, and if ϭ,τ єT, then also <ϭ,τ> єT.

== References and links ==

=== References ===
Kearns, K. (2000): ''Semantics'' 
Lohnstein, H. (2011): ''Formale Semantik und natürliche Sprache''

=== Links ===
[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/projects/noun-phrase/report.htm The English Noun Phrase: an empirical study] 
[http://stp.ling.uu.se/~matsd/uv/uv05/ads1/ho2.pdf UPPSALA UNIVERSITET - Algoritmer för datorlingvistisk semantik I] 
[http://www.cs.rhul.ac.uk/~zhaohui/LACL11.pdf Zhaohui Luo - Word Meanings in Type-Theoretical Semantics]

= Our e-learning objects =

== Our wiki pages ==


* in the Glossary:
** [[Glossary:Heteronym]]: the entry for ''Heteronymy''
** [[Glossary:Homonym]]: the entry for ''Homonymy''
** [[Glossary:Sorts/Types]]: the entry for ''Sorts/Types''

== Our podcasts ==


Sorts:

<mediaplayer>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EK6tqXdmFwk&feature=youtu.be</mediaplayer>

== Our materials for an interactive whiteboard ==


[http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~sailer/nmts-wise1213/MiniPresentation-Sorts.notebook Minipresentation on sorts]

[http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~sailer/nmts-wise1213/Sorttype.notebook Presentation on types and sorts]

== Our pictures ==

<gallery>
File:Bild0705.jpg|IngoM
File:Boris_Profilbild.jpg|BorisL
File:Portrait fb.jpg|FlorianB
File:Kayseri.jpg|Hilâl
File: Moonhwa.jpg‎|Moonhwa
</gallery>

== Our exercises ==




===Exercise I (Types)===

Take a look at the following sentences! Which types does the word in ''italics'' require in each sentence?

1) Homer ''slept''. 
2) Homer ''choked'' Bart. 
3) Moe ''sold'' beer to Homer. 
4) Maggie ''hates'' Baby Gerald.

For the solutions, mark the following paragraph (which is seemingly empty) with your mouse.


1) <e,t> - ''sleep'' is an intransitive verb that does not require an object 
2) <e,<e,t>> - ''choke'' is a transitive verb and requires a direct object 
3) <e,<e,<e,t>>> - ''sell'' is a bi-transitive verb and requires a direct object as well as an indirect object 
4) <e,<e,t>> - ''hate'' is a transitive verb and requires a direct object 


===Exercise II (Sorts)===

Decide whether the words marked in ''italics'' in the following sentences refer to concrete/abstract single/group obejcts/events!

'''Example:''' ''The election of Mayor Quimby'' took place on Sunday.

'''Solution:''' ''The election of Mayor Quimby'' refers to a concrete (single) event.

1) ''Mr. Burns'' likes his nuclear power plant. 
2) ''The Springfield Elementary students'' met at the gymnasium. 
3) ''Nuclear meltdowns'' happen a lot in Springfield. 
4) ''The three-eyed fish'' could be extinct soon.

For the solutions, mark the following paragraph (which is seemingly empty) with your mouse.


1) ''Mr. Burns'' refers to a concrete single object, i.e. an individual. 
2) ''The Springfield Elementary students'' refers to a concrete group object, i.e. a group of individuals. 
3) ''Nuclear meltdowns'' refers to an abstract group event. 
4) ''The three-eyed fish'' refers to an abstract group object, i.e. a kind.


===Exercise III (Types)===

a) '''Draw a hierarchical tree of the predicate give’, which is of the type''' <e,<e,<e,t>>>: 
b) '''Draw a hierarchical tree of the predicate kiss’, which is of the type''' <e,<,t>>: 
c) '''Draw a hierarchical tree of the predicate offer’, which is of the type''' <e,<e,<e,t>>>: 

For the solutions, click on the internal link.

File:xyz.jpg

NMTS-Group8

2013-01-28T18:27:05Z

BorisL: /* Our exercises */

User:BorisL

2012-10-29T10:17:23Z

BorisL:

=Information about Boris Lehn=

[[File:Boris_Profilbild.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Boris Lehn, March 2010|Boris Lehn]]

==My studies==
Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main 
L2 Englisch/ev. Religion 

==Possibly interesting links==
External Link: [http://dublincore.org/groups/corporate/shanghai/Miller-Semantic_Web.pdf A Brief Overview of Semantic Web Deployment] 
Internal Link: [[Hauptseminar: ''New Media in Teaching Semantics'']] 

==In the course of my studies, I am particularly interested in:==
*quantifiers
*ambiguous sentences

User:BorisL

2012-10-29T10:01:25Z

BorisL:

[[File:Boris_Profilbild.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Boris Lehn, March 2010|Boris Lehn]]

Boris Lehn 

External Link: [http://dublincore.org/groups/corporate/shanghai/Miller-Semantic_Web.pdf A Brief Overview of Semantic Web Deployment] 
Internal Link: [[Hauptseminar: ''New Media in Teaching Semantics'']] #

In the course of my studies, I am particularly interested in:

*quantifiers
*ambiguous sentences

User:BorisL

2012-10-23T14:22:46Z

BorisL:

[[http://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php/Publications]][http://www.teachit.co.uk/armoore/lang/semantics.htm]'''Study interests:
* Quantifiers
* Ambiguous sentences'''[[File:Boris_Profilbild.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Boris Lehn, March 2012|Boris Lehn]]

Basic Glossary

2012-10-23T09:42:53Z

BorisL: /* Quantifiers */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

(Back to the meeting of [[NMTS_Meeting_2|October 23, 2012]])

= Glossary of Basic Semantic Terms =

== A ==

* [[Glossary:Ambiguity|'''ambiguity''']] ([[User:KimA]])

== B ==

== C ==

== D ==

== E ==

== F ==

== G ==

== H ==

== I ==

== J ==

== K ==

== L ==

* [[Glossary:Lexical Ambiguity|'''lexical ambiguity''']] ([[User:KimA]])

== M ==

== N ==

== O ==

== P ==

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

= Quantifiers =

Pronunciation

== Definition ==

Quantifiers refer to quantity
''Comment:''
...

== Examples ==

''more than half'' 
''a third''

== Related terms ==

* [[Glossary:Antonym|antonym]]
* [[Glossary:Homonym|homonym]]
* [[Glossary:Paraphrase|paraphrase]]

== References and links ==

== R ==

== S ==

* [[Glossary:Synonym|'''quantifiers''']] ([[User:BorisL]])

== T ==

== U ==

== V ==

== W ==

== X ==

== Y ==

== Z ==

Basic Glossary

2012-10-23T09:40:29Z

BorisL: /* Q */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

(Back to the meeting of [[NMTS_Meeting_2|October 23, 2012]])

= Glossary of Basic Semantic Terms =

== A ==

* [[Glossary:Ambiguity|'''ambiguity''']] ([[User:KimA]])

== B ==

== C ==

== D ==

== E ==

== F ==

== G ==

== H ==

== I ==

== J ==

== K ==

== L ==

* [[Glossary:Lexical Ambiguity|'''lexical ambiguity''']] ([[User:KimA]])

== M ==

== N ==

== O ==

== P ==

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

= Quantifiers =

Pronunciation

== Definition ==

Quantifiers refer to quantity
''Comment:''
...

== Examples ==

''more than half'' 
''a third''

== Related terms ==

* [[Glossary:Antonym|antonym]]
* [[Glossary:Homonym|homonym]]
* [[Glossary:Paraphrase|paraphrase]]

== References and links ==

== R ==

== S ==

* [[Glossary:Synonym|'''synonym''']] ([[User:Eleris]])
* [[Syntactic ambiguity'''syntactic ambiguity''']] ([[User:KimA]])

== T ==

== U ==

== V ==

== W ==

== X ==

== Y ==

== Z ==

User:BorisL

2012-10-22T17:58:42Z

BorisL:

User:BorisL

2012-10-22T17:57:09Z

BorisL:

[http://www.teachit.co.uk/armoore/lang/semantics.htm]'''Study interests:
* Quantifiers
* Ambiguous sentences'''[[File:Boris_Profilbild.jpg]]

User:BorisL

2012-10-22T17:56:40Z

BorisL:

'''Study interests:
* Quantifiers
* Ambiguous sentences'''[[File:Boris_Profilbild.jpg]]

User:BorisL

2012-10-22T17:46:57Z

BorisL:

'''Study interests:
* Quantifiers
* Ambigious sentences'''[[File:Boris_Profilbild.jpg]]

Help:Picture

2012-10-22T17:39:24Z

BorisL:

== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-nc-dn-3.0}}

{|
|-
|Description:
|<Profile Picture>
|-
|Author:
|<Boris>
|-
|Source:
|<Boris_Profilbild.jpg>
|-
|Comment:
|<void>
|}
<Profile Picture>

User:BorisL

2012-10-22T17:36:49Z

BorisL:

[[File:Boris_Profilbild.jpg]]

Help:Picture

2012-10-22T17:24:33Z

BorisL:

== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-nc-dn-3.0}}

{|
|-
|Description:
|<Profile Picture>
|-
|Author:
|<Boris>
|-
|Source:
|<C:\Benutzer\dieter\Desktop\Boris Profilbild.jpg>
|-
|Comment:
|<additional relevant information>
|}
<Profile Picture>

Help:Picture

2012-10-22T17:21:14Z

BorisL:

When you want to include a picture, edit the wiki-page of the picture and insert the following code:

<nowiki>
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-nc-dn-3.0}}

{|
|-
|Description:
|<Profile Picture>
|-
|Author:
|<Boris>
|-
|Source:
|<C:\Benutzer\dieter\Desktop\Boris Profilbild.jpg>
|-
|Comment:
|<additional relevant information>
|}
<Profile Picture>

This results in the following output:

== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-nc-dn-3.0}}

{|
|-
|Description:
|<short description of what the picture is about>
|-
|Author:
|<name of the author>
|-
|Source:
|<url or other>
|-
|Comment:
|<additional relevant information>
|}

In the final step, replace the text between the angle brackets (<nowiki>< ... > </nowiki>) by the relevant information on your image.

Do not forget to save the page.

User:BorisL

2012-10-22T16:30:23Z

BorisL: Created page with "File:Boris"

[[File:Boris]]