Lexical Resource Semantics - User contributions [en]

NMTS-Group3

2013-04-08T15:02:37Z

Caterina: /* 5 Non- factive presupposition */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

(Back to the [[NMTS_Meeting_2|group overview]])

= Presupposition (Group 3) =

=== Comments of the NMTS team ===

* bei den References sind die Bücher in Codetags (?) und grün?
* bei "Our Pictures" fehlen die Bilder, die darüber schon eingebunden wurden
* bei den Exercises 1.1. ist die Seite zu Megaphone eine Help-page, warum genau verstehe ich nicht
* winziger Schönheitsfehler bei 2.: die Leerzeichen vor den "Click me"s sind auch Links

* Maybe add Glossary entry definition (A presupposition is a background belief or assumption relating to an utterance.) to the short description on the main page.
* Exercises still incomplete.

== Overview ==

== Members ==
* [[User:Katharina_D| Katharina]]
* [[User:Caterina| Caterina]]
* [[User:DaniKe| Daniela]]
* [[User:Eva Kotsikopoulou|Eva]]

== Short description of the topic ==

There are endless ways of communicating. It takes place through language, the appearance of a person, animals communicate, music has the power to communicate and of course literature and even plants communicate. Usually we take a lot of knowledge for granted, such as Germany has a female Bundeskanzler or even historical events that have become part of our cultural memory and are therefore taken as common knowledge.
Due to our topic communication via language in will be the aim of our group. We will deal with a part of semantics that is called formal semantics. This is a branch of linguistics that approaches meaning using the notion of truth. For presuppositions truth /falsity is important in terms of the relation between sentences. This means that the truth or falsity of the second sentence (the presupposed sentence) is implied by the truth or falsity of the first sentence.

===Examples===
----

==Presuppositions==
[[File:King.png]]

A presupposition is a background belief or assumption relating to an utterance.The truth of the second sentence is implied by the truth/falsity of the first sentence. If we know that the first sentence is not true, such as there isn‘t a king of France, bewilderment would be the reaction to such bold statement.
Besides the fact that we know for now that there isn't '''''a king of france''''' this famous example by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite_description Betrand Russel] sentence still wonderfully illustrates what the basic concept of presuppositions are.
===Types of Presuppositions===
There are six different types of presuppositions. To find out what type of presupposition you are dealing with you either have be aware of certain trigger words or the phrase structure as well as the context in which the sentences are uttered:
====1 existential presupposition====
To be aquainted with the existence of s.o/s.th

<blockquote>My sister in law '''bought/didn't buy''' a new pair of shoes.</blockquote>
#here we can presuppose that '''I am married'''
# my husband has '''a sister'''
# she has of course '''old shoes'''
# and so on...

====2 factive presupposition====
Here the notion that something is true is triggered by words and phrases such as '''know''', '''realize''', '''to be relieved'''....
<blockquote> '''I know/ don't know''' that you have an appointment with your attorney next week.</blockquote>
#presupposes that I know as a fact that you will be '''meeting with your attorney'''
# this meeting will be '''next week'''
#...

====3 lexical presuppositions====
Here it is the assumption that, in using one word, the speaker can act as if another meaning (word) will be understood. In this case, the use of the expressions certain trigger words are taken to presuppose another (unstated) concept.

<blockquote> I '''used to''' smoke.</blockquote>'''meaning''': I do not smoke anymore.
<blockquote>He missed out on his piano lessons '''again'''.</blockquote>'''meaning''': He misses at least more than once for piano class.

====4 Structural presupposition====
Those presuppositions can be identified by '''Wh-questions'''. Sentences were one speaker asks the another person questions in the form of:
#''' What''' have you been doing last night at the cemetery?
# '''Why''' did you skip school yesterday?
# '''Who''' was that pretty girl sitting beside you at the hair salon?
# When did you leave the party last night?
#...
Those kind of questions can only be asked if some prior knowledge exists in advance. Therefore this sort of knowledge is presupposed.

==== 5 Non- factive presupposition====
In this case we are dealing with the opposite of the earlier mentioned '''type 2 the factive presupposition'''. Trigger verbs are '''imagine''', '''dream''', '''wish''', etc.
# I '''wish''' I would have won the 6 million dollar jackpot last night.
# I am '''dreaming of''' living in a bigger house.
# I '''imagine''' speaking French fluently.
In all of these three sentences the exact opposite is the case:
#nothing won
#small house
#not fluent in French

====6 Counterfactual presupposition====
# '''If''' I would be in your position '''I would''' use this inherited money are start all over again....
As the example sentence clearly shows counterfactual presuppositions assume that what is presupposed is not only untrue, but is the opposite of what is true, or contrary to facts.

==Entailments==
Entailments are defined as a relation between sentences such that the truth of the second sentence, e.g. Bobo is a bear, follows from the truth of the first sentence, e.g. Bobo is an animal, but the falsity of the second sentence does not necessarily follow from the falsity of the first sentence:

[[File:Bobo.png]]

===Entailment or presupposition===
To find out whether you are dealing with an entailment or a presupposition you ought to use the so-called '''negation method'''.
When the second sentence turns out to be false such as the '''''Bobo is not an animal''''' then you are probably being confronted with an entailment rather than a presupposition. A presupposition instead would remain true even if negated, e.g. '''''The king of France is/isn't bald'''''. Either way there is a king of France, therefore a presupposition.

== References and links ==

=== References ===

* Meyer, Paul Georg. 2002.Synchronic English Linguistics-An Introduction. Tübingen: Narr Studienbücher.
* Bieswanger, Markus.2010. Introduction to English Linguistics. Stuttgart: UTB- Verlag.

=== Links ===

*[[Glossary:presupposition | Presupposition]]

*[http://www.ijk.hmtm-hannover.de/fileadmin/www.ijk/pdf/aktuelles/wiki-handbuch_080204.pdf Dr. Pelka, Bastian. 2007.Ein Mediawiki Handbuch von Einsteigern für Einsteiger. Institut für Journalistik und Kommunikationsforschung (IJK) der Hochschule für Musik und Theater. Hannover]

= Our e-learning objects=
==Exercises==
===1. Presupposition or entailment?===
You will now have to find out whether the sentence is a presupposition or an entailment?
# Where is the man with the [[Help:megaphone|megaphone]]?.
# [[Queen of England]] attended a cooking workshop.
#[[My dog Richard]] was killed in a car accident.

===2.The following sentences make certain presuppositions. What are they?===

# Would you mind washing up the dishes this time? Presupposition:[[PresuppositionEx2-1|Click me]]
# I want more milk for my tea! Presupposition:[[PresuppositionEx2-2|Click me]]

===3. What type of presupposition?===
You will now read a short extract and a few sentences.
Since you have certainly read read all about presuppositions and their types in the section above (see EXAMPLES) can you figure out where those presuppositions are and what type they are?
*Where is the man with the megaphone? The fair boy shook his head.This is an island. At least I think it‘s an island.That‘s a reef out in the sea.Perhaps there aren‘t any grownups anywhere.(Source: Wiliam Golding, Lord of the flies, p.7/8)

'''Highlight for solution:'''There is a boy who is fair haired. Presupposition: fair, Type 1 Presupposition '''existential'''

*I used to eat meat on a regular basis but since my sister works on a dairy farm I quit eating meet again.
'''Highlight for solution:''' Presuppositions Type 3 lexical; trigger word '''used to'''+ '''again''' also existential presupposition '''sister'''

*What movie did you end up watching last friday?
'''Highlight for solution:''' ''' What''' indicates a structural presupposition Type 4

*I wish I wouldn't have eaten these delicious fries with extra ketchup, now I have to get changed.
'''Highlight for solution:''' non factive presupposition, trigger word '''wish'''

*If I would not have eaten so much over the holidays I would still fit my favorite jeans.
'''Highlight for solution:''' counterfactual presupposition.

*Tomorrow in a week is our 4th anniversary.
'''Highlight for solution:''' factive presupposition

== Our wiki pages ==

* [[Glossary:Denotation|Denotation (definition in Basic Glossary)]] 

* [[Glossary:presupposition | Presupposition (definition in Basic Glossary)]]

== Our podcasts ==

<mediaplayer>http://youtu.be/YQJvOaMCUaw</mediaplayer>

<mediaplayer>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vb8c7pEEEYg</mediaplayer>

== Our materials for an interactive whiteboard ==
[http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~sailer/nmts-wise1213/Presuppositions.notebook Presuppositions.notebook] 
[http://www.speedyshare.com/4wVXf/mini-presentation.notebook Mini Presentation]

== Our pictures ==

<gallery>
File:75597_1686984743275_7926473_n.jpg|Kitty, Katharina's cat
File:Sunset.jpg|Dani's favorite sunset
File:Page.jpg|Caterina's pet
File: Eva.jpg|Eva's dog
File:King.png
File: Bobo.png</gallery>

<!-- Give all the pictures of your group. Use the gallery function for this:
<nowiki>
<gallery>

<gallery>
File:75597_1686984743275_7926473_n.jpg|Kitty, Katharina's cat
File:Sunset.jpg|Dani's favorite sunset
File:Page.jpg|Caterina's pet
File: Eva.jpg|Eva's dog
File:King.png
File: Bobo.png</gallery>

= Our exercises =

===1. Presupposition or entailment?===
You will now have to find out whether the sentence is a presupposition or an entailment.

# Where is the man with the [[Help:megaphone|megaphone]]?.
# [[Queen of England]] attended a cooking workshop.
#[[My dog Richard]] was killed in a car accident.

Comment: I know you're still working on these exercises, but just as a first comment: the explanation for the last sentence is a bit confusing. Maybe you could re-write it so it becomes more clear.

=== 2.The following sentences make certain presuppositions. What are they?===

# Would you mind washing up the dishes this time? Presupposition:[[PresuppositionEx2-1|Click me]]
# I want more milk for my tea! Presupposition:[[PresuppositionEx2-2|Click me]]

Comment Sailer: 
1) ??? and ?? are very bad names for wiki pages. Please use longer and more mnemonic names - such as PresupposionEx2-1 or similar 
2) In your example solution you should give more than just one presuppositions because the sentences have many presuppositions. Alternatively you could underline a particular word in the original sentence and ask for the presupposition(s) that are triggered by this word.

<hr />
Back to the [[NMTS-Group3|NMTS-Group3]].

User:Caterina

2013-04-08T14:59:57Z

Caterina: /* Internal Links */

== Caterina Marinacci ==

E-Mail: [mailto:c4th.m@gmx.de c4th.m@gmx.de] 
[[File:page.jpg|thumb|Paige, Caterina's cat]]

== Studies ==
Lehramt an Gymnasien (L3)

* English 
* Italian

== Attended Seminars ==

*Introduction to Linguistics
*Semantic Phenomena

== Research interests ==
* Teaching with New Media
* English Syntax and Semantics
* Ambiguity
* Presuppositions

== Internal Links ==

[[Glossary:presupposition | Presupposition]]

[[Glossary:Denotation | Denotation]]

[[NMTS-Group3#Members | Group # 3]]

== Useful Links ==
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presupposition

User:Caterina

2013-04-08T14:59:20Z

Caterina: /* Internal Links */

== Caterina Marinacci ==

E-Mail: [mailto:c4th.m@gmx.de c4th.m@gmx.de] 
[[File:page.jpg|thumb|Paige, Caterina's cat]]

== Studies ==
Lehramt an Gymnasien (L3)

* English 
* Italian

== Attended Seminars ==

*Introduction to Linguistics
*Semantic Phenomena

== Research interests ==
* Teaching with New Media
* English Syntax and Semantics
* Ambiguity
* Presuppositions

== Internal Links ==

[[Glossary:presupposition | Presupposition]]

[[Glossary:Denotation | Denotation]]

[[NMTS-Group3#Members | Group # 3]]

[[Media:Mini presentation.notebook]]

== Useful Links ==
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presupposition

NMTS-Group3

2013-04-08T14:57:26Z

Caterina: /* Our materials for an interactive whiteboard */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

(Back to the [[NMTS_Meeting_2|group overview]])

= Presupposition (Group 3) =

=== Comments of the NMTS team ===

* bei den References sind die Bücher in Codetags (?) und grün?
* bei "Our Pictures" fehlen die Bilder, die darüber schon eingebunden wurden
* bei den Exercises 1.1. ist die Seite zu Megaphone eine Help-page, warum genau verstehe ich nicht
* winziger Schönheitsfehler bei 2.: die Leerzeichen vor den "Click me"s sind auch Links

* Maybe add Glossary entry definition (A presupposition is a background belief or assumption relating to an utterance.) to the short description on the main page.
* Exercises still incomplete.

== Overview ==

== Members ==
* [[User:Katharina_D| Katharina]]
* [[User:Caterina| Caterina]]
* [[User:DaniKe| Daniela]]
* [[User:Eva Kotsikopoulou|Eva]]

== Short description of the topic ==

There are endless ways of communicating. It takes place through language, the appearance of a person, animals communicate, music has the power to communicate and of course literature and even plants communicate. Usually we take a lot of knowledge for granted, such as Germany has a female Bundeskanzler or even historical events that have become part of our cultural memory and are therefore taken as common knowledge.
Due to our topic communication via language in will be the aim of our group. We will deal with a part of semantics that is called formal semantics. This is a branch of linguistics that approaches meaning using the notion of truth. For presuppositions truth /falsity is important in terms of the relation between sentences. This means that the truth or falsity of the second sentence (the presupposed sentence) is implied by the truth or falsity of the first sentence.

===Examples===
----

==Presuppositions==
[[File:King.png]]

A presupposition is a background belief or assumption relating to an utterance.The truth of the second sentence is implied by the truth/falsity of the first sentence. If we know that the first sentence is not true, such as there isn‘t a king of France, bewilderment would be the reaction to such bold statement.
Besides the fact that we know for now that there isn't '''''a king of france''''' this famous example by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite_description Betrand Russel] sentence still wonderfully illustrates what the basic concept of presuppositions are.
===Types of Presuppositions===
There are six different types of presuppositions. To find out what type of presupposition you are dealing with you either have be aware of certain trigger words or the phrase structure as well as the context in which the sentences are uttered:
====1 existential presupposition====
To be aquainted with the existence of s.o/s.th

<blockquote>My sister in law '''bought/didn't buy''' a new pair of shoes.</blockquote>
#here we can presuppose that '''I am married'''
# my husband has '''a sister'''
# she has of course '''old shoes'''
# and so on...

====2 factive presupposition====
Here the notion that something is true is triggered by words and phrases such as '''know''', '''realize''', '''to be relieved'''....
<blockquote> '''I know/ don't know''' that you have an appointment with your attorney next week.</blockquote>
#presupposes that I know as a fact that you will be '''meeting with your attorney'''
# this meeting will be '''next week'''
#...

====3 lexical presuppositions====
Here it is the assumption that, in using one word, the speaker can act as if another meaning (word) will be understood. In this case, the use of the expressions certain trigger words are taken to presuppose another (unstated) concept.

<blockquote> I '''used to''' smoke.</blockquote>'''meaning''': I do not smoke anymore.
<blockquote>He missed out on his piano lessons '''again'''.</blockquote>'''meaning''': He misses at least more than once for piano class.

====4 Structural presupposition====
Those presuppositions can be identified by '''Wh-questions'''. Sentences were one speaker asks the another person questions in the form of:
#''' What''' have you been doing last night at the cemetery?
# '''Why''' did you skip school yesterday?
# '''Who''' was that pretty girl sitting beside you at the hair salon?
# When did you leave the party last night?
#...
Those kind of questions can only be asked if some prior knowledge exists in advance. Therefore this sort of knowledge is presupposed.

==== 5 Non- factive presupposition====
In this case we are dealing with the opposite of the earlier mentioned '''type 2 the factive presupposition'''. Trigger verbs are '''imagine''', '''dream''', '''wish''', etc.
# I '''wish''' I would have won the 6 million dollar jackpot last night.
# I am '''dreaming of''' living in a bigger house.
# I '''imagine''' speaking French fluently.
I all of these three sentences the exact opposite is the case:
#nothing won
#small house
#not fluent in French

====6 Counterfactual presupposition====
# '''If''' I would be in your position '''I would''' use this inherited money are start all over again....
As the example sentence clearly shows counterfactual presuppositions assume that what is presupposed is not only untrue, but is the opposite of what is true, or contrary to facts.

==Entailments==
Entailments are defined as a relation between sentences such that the truth of the second sentence, e.g. Bobo is a bear, follows from the truth of the first sentence, e.g. Bobo is an animal, but the falsity of the second sentence does not necessarily follow from the falsity of the first sentence:

[[File:Bobo.png]]

===Entailment or presupposition===
To find out whether you are dealing with an entailment or a presupposition you ought to use the so-called '''negation method'''.
When the second sentence turns out to be false such as the '''''Bobo is not an animal''''' then you are probably being confronted with an entailment rather than a presupposition. A presupposition instead would remain true even if negated, e.g. '''''The king of France is/isn't bald'''''. Either way there is a king of France, therefore a presupposition.

== References and links ==

=== References ===

* Meyer, Paul Georg. 2002.Synchronic English Linguistics-An Introduction. Tübingen: Narr Studienbücher.
* Bieswanger, Markus.2010. Introduction to English Linguistics. Stuttgart: UTB- Verlag.

=== Links ===

*[[Glossary:presupposition | Presupposition]]

*[http://www.ijk.hmtm-hannover.de/fileadmin/www.ijk/pdf/aktuelles/wiki-handbuch_080204.pdf Dr. Pelka, Bastian. 2007.Ein Mediawiki Handbuch von Einsteigern für Einsteiger. Institut für Journalistik und Kommunikationsforschung (IJK) der Hochschule für Musik und Theater. Hannover]

= Our e-learning objects=
==Exercises==
===1. Presupposition or entailment?===
You will now have to find out whether the sentence is a presupposition or an entailment?
# Where is the man with the [[Help:megaphone|megaphone]]?.
# [[Queen of England]] attended a cooking workshop.
#[[My dog Richard]] was killed in a car accident.

===2.The following sentences make certain presuppositions. What are they?===

# Would you mind washing up the dishes this time? Presupposition:[[PresuppositionEx2-1|Click me]]
# I want more milk for my tea! Presupposition:[[PresuppositionEx2-2|Click me]]

===3. What type of presupposition?===
You will now read a short extract and a few sentences.
Since you have certainly read read all about presuppositions and their types in the section above (see EXAMPLES) can you figure out where those presuppositions are and what type they are?
*Where is the man with the megaphone? The fair boy shook his head.This is an island. At least I think it‘s an island.That‘s a reef out in the sea.Perhaps there aren‘t any grownups anywhere.(Source: Wiliam Golding, Lord of the flies, p.7/8)

'''Highlight for solution:'''There is a boy who is fair haired. Presupposition: fair, Type 1 Presupposition '''existential'''

*I used to eat meat on a regular basis but since my sister works on a dairy farm I quit eating meet again.
'''Highlight for solution:''' Presuppositions Type 3 lexical; trigger word '''used to'''+ '''again''' also existential presupposition '''sister'''

*What movie did you end up watching last friday?
'''Highlight for solution:''' ''' What''' indicates a structural presupposition Type 4

*I wish I wouldn't have eaten these delicious fries with extra ketchup, now I have to get changed.
'''Highlight for solution:''' non factive presupposition, trigger word '''wish'''

*If I would not have eaten so much over the holidays I would still fit my favorite jeans.
'''Highlight for solution:''' counterfactual presupposition.

*Tomorrow in a week is our 4th anniversary.
'''Highlight for solution:''' factive presupposition

== Our wiki pages ==

* [[Glossary:Denotation|Denotation (definition in Basic Glossary)]] 

* [[Glossary:presupposition | Presupposition (definition in Basic Glossary)]]

== Our podcasts ==

<mediaplayer>http://youtu.be/YQJvOaMCUaw</mediaplayer>

<mediaplayer>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vb8c7pEEEYg</mediaplayer>

== Our materials for an interactive whiteboard ==
[http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~sailer/nmts-wise1213/Presuppositions.notebook Presuppositions.notebook] 
[http://www.speedyshare.com/4wVXf/mini-presentation.notebook Mini Presentation]

== Our pictures ==

<gallery>
File:75597_1686984743275_7926473_n.jpg|Kitty, Katharina's cat
File:Sunset.jpg|Dani's favorite sunset
File:Page.jpg|Caterina's pet
File: Eva.jpg|Eva's dog
File:King.png
File: Bobo.png</gallery>

<!-- Give all the pictures of your group. Use the gallery function for this:
<nowiki>
<gallery>

<gallery>
File:75597_1686984743275_7926473_n.jpg|Kitty, Katharina's cat
File:Sunset.jpg|Dani's favorite sunset
File:Page.jpg|Caterina's pet
File: Eva.jpg|Eva's dog
File:King.png
File: Bobo.png</gallery>

= Our exercises =

===1. Presupposition or entailment?===
You will now have to find out whether the sentence is a presupposition or an entailment.

# Where is the man with the [[Help:megaphone|megaphone]]?.
# [[Queen of England]] attended a cooking workshop.
#[[My dog Richard]] was killed in a car accident.

Comment: I know you're still working on these exercises, but just as a first comment: the explanation for the last sentence is a bit confusing. Maybe you could re-write it so it becomes more clear.

=== 2.The following sentences make certain presuppositions. What are they?===

# Would you mind washing up the dishes this time? Presupposition:[[PresuppositionEx2-1|Click me]]
# I want more milk for my tea! Presupposition:[[PresuppositionEx2-2|Click me]]

Comment Sailer: 
1) ??? and ?? are very bad names for wiki pages. Please use longer and more mnemonic names - such as PresupposionEx2-1 or similar 
2) In your example solution you should give more than just one presuppositions because the sentences have many presuppositions. Alternatively you could underline a particular word in the original sentence and ask for the presupposition(s) that are triggered by this word.

<hr />
Back to the [[NMTS-Group3|NMTS-Group3]].

NMTS-Group3

2013-04-08T14:45:00Z

Caterina: /* Short description of the topic */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

(Back to the [[NMTS_Meeting_2|group overview]])

= Presupposition (Group 3) =

=== Comments of the NMTS team ===

* bei den References sind die Bücher in Codetags (?) und grün?
* bei "Our Pictures" fehlen die Bilder, die darüber schon eingebunden wurden
* bei den Exercises 1.1. ist die Seite zu Megaphone eine Help-page, warum genau verstehe ich nicht
* winziger Schönheitsfehler bei 2.: die Leerzeichen vor den "Click me"s sind auch Links

* Maybe add Glossary entry definition (A presupposition is a background belief or assumption relating to an utterance.) to the short description on the main page.
* Exercises still incomplete.

== Overview ==

== Members ==
* [[User:Katharina_D| Katharina]]
* [[User:Caterina| Caterina]]
* [[User:DaniKe| Daniela]]
* [[User:Eva Kotsikopoulou|Eva]]

== Short description of the topic ==

There are endless ways of communicating. It takes place through language, the appearance of a person, animals communicate, music has the power to communicate and of course literature and even plants communicate. Usually we take a lot of knowledge for granted, such as Germany has a female Bundeskanzler or even historical events that have become part of our cultural memory and are therefore taken as common knowledge.
Due to our topic communication via language in will be the aim of our group. We will deal with a part of semantics that is called formal semantics. This is a branch of linguistics that approaches meaning using the notion of truth. For presuppositions truth /falsity is important in terms of the relation between sentences. This means that the truth or falsity of the second sentence (the presupposed sentence) is implied by the truth or falsity of the first sentence.

===Examples===
----

==Presuppositions==
[[File:King.png]]

A presupposition is a background belief or assumption relating to an utterance.The truth of the second sentence is implied by the truth/falsity of the first sentence. If we know that the first sentence is not true, such as there isn‘t a king of France, bewilderment would be the reaction to such bold statement.
Besides the fact that we know for now that there isn't '''''a king of france''''' this famous example by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite_description Betrand Russel] sentence still wonderfully illustrates what the basic concept of presuppositions are.
===Types of Presuppositions===
There are six different types of presuppositions. To find out what type of presupposition you are dealing with you either have be aware of certain trigger words or the phrase structure as well as the context in which the sentences are uttered:
====1 existential presupposition====
To be aquainted with the existence of s.o/s.th

<blockquote>My sister in law '''bought/didn't buy''' a new pair of shoes.</blockquote>
#here we can presuppose that '''I am married'''
# my husband has '''a sister'''
# she has of course '''old shoes'''
# and so on...

====2 factive presupposition====
Here the notion that something is true is triggered by words and phrases such as '''know''', '''realize''', '''to be relieved'''....
<blockquote> '''I know/ don't know''' that you have an appointment with your attorney next week.</blockquote>
#presupposes that I know as a fact that you will be '''meeting with your attorney'''
# this meeting will be '''next week'''
#...

====3 lexical presuppositions====
Here it is the assumption that, in using one word, the speaker can act as if another meaning (word) will be understood. In this case, the use of the expressions certain trigger words are taken to presuppose another (unstated) concept.

<blockquote> I '''used to''' smoke.</blockquote>'''meaning''': I do not smoke anymore.
<blockquote>He missed out on his piano lessons '''again'''.</blockquote>'''meaning''': He misses at least more than once for piano class.

====4 Structural presupposition====
Those presuppositions can be identified by '''Wh-questions'''. Sentences were one speaker asks the another person questions in the form of:
#''' What''' have you been doing last night at the cemetery?
# '''Why''' did you skip school yesterday?
# '''Who''' was that pretty girl sitting beside you at the hair salon?
# When did you leave the party last night?
#...
Those kind of questions can only be asked if some prior knowledge exists in advance. Therefore this sort of knowledge is presupposed.

==== 5 Non- factive presupposition====
In this case we are dealing with the opposite of the earlier mentioned '''type 2 the factive presupposition'''. Trigger verbs are '''imagine''', '''dream''', '''wish''', etc.
# I '''wish''' I would have won the 6 million dollar jackpot last night.
# I am '''dreaming of''' living in a bigger house.
# I '''imagine''' speaking French fluently.
I all of these three sentences the exact opposite is the case:
#nothing won
#small house
#not fluent in French

====6 Counterfactual presupposition====
# '''If''' I would be in your position '''I would''' use this inherited money are start all over again....
As the example sentence clearly shows counterfactual presuppositions assume that what is presupposed is not only untrue, but is the opposite of what is true, or contrary to facts.

==Entailments==
Entailments are defined as a relation between sentences such that the truth of the second sentence, e.g. Bobo is a bear, follows from the truth of the first sentence, e.g. Bobo is an animal, but the falsity of the second sentence does not necessarily follow from the falsity of the first sentence:

[[File:Bobo.png]]

===Entailment or presupposition===
To find out whether you are dealing with an entailment or a presupposition you ought to use the so-called '''negation method'''.
When the second sentence turns out to be false such as the '''''Bobo is not an animal''''' then you are probably being confronted with an entailment rather than a presupposition. A presupposition instead would remain true even if negated, e.g. '''''The king of France is/isn't bald'''''. Either way there is a king of France, therefore a presupposition.

== References and links ==

=== References ===

* Meyer, Paul Georg. 2002.Synchronic English Linguistics-An Introduction. Tübingen: Narr Studienbücher.
* Bieswanger, Markus.2010. Introduction to English Linguistics. Stuttgart: UTB- Verlag.

=== Links ===

*[[Glossary:presupposition | Presupposition]]

*[http://www.ijk.hmtm-hannover.de/fileadmin/www.ijk/pdf/aktuelles/wiki-handbuch_080204.pdf Dr. Pelka, Bastian. 2007.Ein Mediawiki Handbuch von Einsteigern für Einsteiger. Institut für Journalistik und Kommunikationsforschung (IJK) der Hochschule für Musik und Theater. Hannover]

= Our e-learning objects=
==Exercises==
===1. Presupposition or entailment?===
You will now have to find out whether the sentence is a presupposition or an entailment?
# Where is the man with the [[Help:megaphone|megaphone]]?.
# [[Queen of England]] attended a cooking workshop.
#[[My dog Richard]] was killed in a car accident.

===2.The following sentences make certain presuppositions. What are they?===

# Would you mind washing up the dishes this time? Presupposition:[[PresuppositionEx2-1|Click me]]
# I want more milk for my tea! Presupposition:[[PresuppositionEx2-2|Click me]]

===3. What type of presupposition?===
You will now read a short extract and a few sentences.
Since you have certainly read read all about presuppositions and their types in the section above (see EXAMPLES) can you figure out where those presuppositions are and what type they are?
*Where is the man with the megaphone? The fair boy shook his head.This is an island. At least I think it‘s an island.That‘s a reef out in the sea.Perhaps there aren‘t any grownups anywhere.(Source: Wiliam Golding, Lord of the flies, p.7/8)

'''Highlight for solution:'''There is a boy who is fair haired. Presupposition: fair, Type 1 Presupposition '''existential'''

*I used to eat meat on a regular basis but since my sister works on a dairy farm I quit eating meet again.
'''Highlight for solution:''' Presuppositions Type 3 lexical; trigger word '''used to'''+ '''again''' also existential presupposition '''sister'''

*What movie did you end up watching last friday?
'''Highlight for solution:''' ''' What''' indicates a structural presupposition Type 4

*I wish I wouldn't have eaten these delicious fries with extra ketchup, now I have to get changed.
'''Highlight for solution:''' non factive presupposition, trigger word '''wish'''

*If I would not have eaten so much over the holidays I would still fit my favorite jeans.
'''Highlight for solution:''' counterfactual presupposition.

*Tomorrow in a week is our 4th anniversary.
'''Highlight for solution:''' factive presupposition

== Our wiki pages ==

* [[Glossary:Denotation|Denotation (definition in Basic Glossary)]] 

* [[Glossary:presupposition | Presupposition (definition in Basic Glossary)]]

== Our podcasts ==

<mediaplayer>http://youtu.be/YQJvOaMCUaw</mediaplayer>

<mediaplayer>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vb8c7pEEEYg</mediaplayer>

== Our materials for an interactive whiteboard ==
[http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~sailer/nmts-wise1213/Presuppositions.notebook Presuppositions.notebook]

== Our pictures ==

<gallery>
File:75597_1686984743275_7926473_n.jpg|Kitty, Katharina's cat
File:Sunset.jpg|Dani's favorite sunset
File:Page.jpg|Caterina's pet
File: Eva.jpg|Eva's dog
File:King.png
File: Bobo.png</gallery>

<!-- Give all the pictures of your group. Use the gallery function for this:
<nowiki>
<gallery>

<gallery>
File:75597_1686984743275_7926473_n.jpg|Kitty, Katharina's cat
File:Sunset.jpg|Dani's favorite sunset
File:Page.jpg|Caterina's pet
File: Eva.jpg|Eva's dog
File:King.png
File: Bobo.png</gallery>

= Our exercises =

===1. Presupposition or entailment?===
You will now have to find out whether the sentence is a presupposition or an entailment.

# Where is the man with the [[Help:megaphone|megaphone]]?.
# [[Queen of England]] attended a cooking workshop.
#[[My dog Richard]] was killed in a car accident.

Comment: I know you're still working on these exercises, but just as a first comment: the explanation for the last sentence is a bit confusing. Maybe you could re-write it so it becomes more clear.

=== 2.The following sentences make certain presuppositions. What are they?===

# Would you mind washing up the dishes this time? Presupposition:[[PresuppositionEx2-1|Click me]]
# I want more milk for my tea! Presupposition:[[PresuppositionEx2-2|Click me]]

Comment Sailer: 
1) ??? and ?? are very bad names for wiki pages. Please use longer and more mnemonic names - such as PresupposionEx2-1 or similar 
2) In your example solution you should give more than just one presuppositions because the sentences have many presuppositions. Alternatively you could underline a particular word in the original sentence and ask for the presupposition(s) that are triggered by this word.

<hr />
Back to the [[NMTS-Group3|NMTS-Group3]].

NMTS-Group3

2013-02-04T15:05:29Z

Caterina: /* Examples */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

(Back to the [[NMTS_Group_3# Group|Group 3]])

= Presupposition (Group 3) =

== Overview ==

== Members ==
* [[User:Katharina_D| Katharina]]
* [[User:Caterina| Caterina]]
* [[User:DaniKe| Daniela]]
* [[User:Eva Kotsikopoulou|Eva]]

== Short description of the topic ==
There are endless ways of communicating. It takes place through language, the appearance of a person, animals communicate, music has the power to communicate and of course literature and even plants communicate. Usually we take a lot of knowledge for granted, such as Germany has a female Bundeskanzler or even historical events that have become part of our cultural memory and are therefore taken as common knowledge.
Due to our topic communication via language in will be the aim of our group. We will deal with a part of semantics that is called formal semantics. This is a branch of linguistics that approaches meaning using the notion of truth. For presuppositions truth /falsity is important in terms of the relation between sentences. This means that the truth or falsity of the second sentence (the presupposed sentence) is implied by the truth or falsity of the first sentence

===Examples===
----

[[File:King.png]]

The truth of the second sentence is implied by the truth/falsity of the first sentence. If we know that the first sentence is not true, such as there isn‘t a king of France, bewilderment would be the reaction to such bold statement.

== References and links ==

=== References ===
<pre style="color:green">
* Meyer, Paul Georg. 2002.Synchronic English Linguistics-An Introduction. Tübingen: Narr Studienbücher.
* Bieswanger, Markus.2010. Introduction to English Linguistics. Stuttgart: UTB- Verlag.
</pre>

=== Links ===

*[[Glossary:presupposition | Presupposition]]

*[http://www.ijk.hmtm-hannover.de/fileadmin/www.ijk/pdf/aktuelles/wiki-handbuch_080204.pdf Dr. Pelka, Bastian. 2007.Ein Mediawiki Handbuch von Einsteigern für Einsteiger. Institut für Journalistik und Kommunikationsforschung (IJK) der Hochschule für Musik und Theater. Hannover]

= Our e-learning objects =

== Our wiki pages ==

* [[Glossary:Denotation|Denotation (definition in Basic Glossary)]] 

* [[Glossary:presupposition | Presupposition (definition in Basic Glossary)]]

== Our podcasts ==

<mediaplayer>http://youtu.be/YQJvOaMCUaw</mediaplayer>

<mediaplayer>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vb8c7pEEEYg</mediaplayer>

== Our materials for an interactive whiteboard ==
[http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~sailer/nmts-wise1213/Presuppositions.notebook Presuppositions.notebook]

== Our pictures ==


<gallery>
File:75597_1686984743275_7926473_n.jpg|Kitty, Katharina's cat
File:Sunset.jpg|Dani's favorite sunset
File:Page.jpg|Caterina's pet
File: Eva.jpg|Eva's dog
</gallery>

= Our exercises =

===1. Presupposition or entailment?===
You will now have to find out whether the sentence is a presupposition or an entailment.

Comment Sailer: The second sentences, i.e. the presuppositon or the entailment, is missing in your examples. - but it seems you are not done yet anyways. Is this correct?

# Where is the man with the [[Help:megaphone|megaphone]]?.
# [[Queen of England]] attended a cooking workshop.
#[[My dog Richard]] was killed in a car accident.
 

Comment: I know you're still working on these exercises, but just as a first comment: the explanation for the last sentence is a bit confusing. Maybe you could re-write it so it becomes more clear.

=== 2.The following sentences make certain presuppositions. What are they?===

# Would you mind washing up the dishes this time? Presupposition:[[PresuppositionEx2-1| Click me]]
# I want more milk for my tea! Presupposition:[[PresuppositionEx2-2| Click me]]

Comment Sailer: 
1) ??? and ?? are very bad names for wiki pages. Please use longer and more mnemonic names - such as PresupposionEx2-1 or similar 
2) In your example solution you should give more than just one presuppositions because the sentences have many presuppositions. Alternatively you could underline a particular word in the original sentence and ask for the presupposition(s) that are triggered by this word.

<hr />
Back to the [[NMTS-Group3|NMTS-Group3]].

PresuppositionEx2-2

2013-02-04T15:00:40Z

Caterina: /* The utterance "I want more milk for my tea!" has the following presuppostions: */

==The utterance "I want more milk for my tea!" has the following presuppostions:==

# Someone is having tea.
# Someone has already put milk in his/her tea.
# This person doesn't like his/her tea with the amount of milk that is currently in the tea.
# He/She prefers more milk in his/her tea.

PresuppositionEx2-2

2013-02-04T15:00:16Z

Caterina: /* The utterance "I want more milk for my tea!" has the following presuppostions: */

==The utterance "I want more milk for my tea!" has the following presuppostions:==

# Someone is having tea.
# Someone already has put milk in his/her tea.
# This person doesn't like his/her tea with the amount of milk that is currently in the tea.
# He/She prefers more milk in his/her tea.

PresuppositionEx2-1

2013-02-04T14:57:04Z

Caterina: /* The utterance "Would you mind washing up the dishes this time?" has the following presuppostions: */

==The utterance "Would you mind washing up the dishes this time?" has the following presuppostions:==

# There are dishes that need to be washed up.
# They were dishes that need to be washed up before.
# Someone didn't wash up the dishes the last time they needed to be washed up.
# Someone else did wash up the dishes the last time they needed to be washed up.

NMTS-Group3

2012-12-15T14:56:47Z

Caterina: /* Our podcasts */

NMTS Meeting 10

2012-12-15T14:54:03Z

Caterina: /* Podcasts of the groups */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

=Creating Podcasts 2=

This meeting will be directed by [http://www.relpaed.uni-frankfurt.de/team/bohrer/index.html Dr. Clemens Bohrer], Akademie für Bildungsforschung und Lehrerbildung, Frankfurt a.M.

== Preparation ==

* Upload your first trial podcast into the OLAT folder "Podcasts" no later than 10am on December 17.

== Podcasts of the groups ==

=== Group 0 ===

We have uploaded a podcast from 2008 which illustrates the various steps in a syntactic analysis.

<mediaplayer>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDbaCAVgHUI</mediaplayer>

=== Group 3 ===

A podcast about presuppositions

<mediaplayer>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vb8c7pEEEYg</mediaplayer>

== Homework for January 11 ==

<hr />
Back to the [[NMTS_Course_Overview|course overview]].

Talk:NMTS-InferencePage

2012-12-10T14:29:50Z

Caterina: /* User:AnKa */

= Comments on your dialogues =
Note: Comments by Prof. Sailer are indicated by his initials "MS". 

== [[User:Anna P.]] ==
* Entailments follow logically from another sentence, meaning that all the information in the entailment has to be "given" in the utterance that entails it."Howard's mom needs to dress first before she can attend to her son" is therefore not an entailment of the sentence "I'm not decent". You could say that "I'm not decent" flouts the maxim of quantity, and the implicature is that Howard's mom really wants to convey that she needs to dress first before she can attend to him.
* Implicature: Might also be a conventional implicature, because the word "suddenly" expresses the contrast between how it has been done before, and what has changed now. In this case, this change of behaviour evokes doubts in Howard.

== [[User:Lorena]] ==
* Entailment: Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false. MS: An entailment of 2 is: "At least half of our friends were at the party."

* MS: please mention what triggers the presupposition (the wh-question in your example)

* I like your other examples, and you're right, Kevin's sentence "Well, if I hadn´t had to pick my parents from the airport…" is also a Particularized conversational implicature.

== [[User:Lisa]] ==
* The presupposition "Lisa has a dog" in Line 3 is a existential presupposition. I like the rest of your examples!

== [[User:AnKa]] ==
* You could maybe specify that the Implicature is a Generalized Conversational Implicature.
* I don´t think that the question "Is there a male English teacher at your school?" contains a presupposition.

== [[User:Moonhwa9113]] ==
* Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false. Otherwise nice examples!

== [[User:Elisabeth.krall]] ==
* Implicature: Tim does flout the maxim of manner and of quantity actually. But I don't think he wants to convey any additional meaning by it, so I wouldn't classify it as an Implicature. Tom's reply "Oh… yes, if you say so", on the other hand, is a hedge, indicating that he couldn't quite follow/didn't really understand Tim's utterance.

* Additional note: Your entailment is a symmetrical entailment as it is a paraphrase.

== [[User:Anna]] ==
* "The timing belt broke" would actually be a Particularized Conversational Implicature, flouting the maxim of relevance.

* For "She didn't manage to go there" the Lexical Presupposition is that "She tried to go there". "She was not there" is simply the assertion of the sentence, it is also an entailment.

* MS: Yes!! She was not there is an entailment. That is a wonderful example of one.
* MS: Line 5 could also be seen as a violation of relevance, with the effect that a change of topic is brought about.

== [[User:Anna Böcher]] ==
* Entailment: An entailment must follow logically from the utterance it is an entailment of, which means the information in the entailment must be inherent in the original utterance. "I want to talk like a lady in a flower-shop" does not entail that she doesn't talk like that yet. An entailment of "I want to talk like a lady in a flower-shop" could be "Somebody wants to talk like a lady in a flower-shop".

== [[User:Leo]] ==
* The sentence “Have you seen Gretel in the last couple of days?“ presupposes that someone called Gretel exists and both Kurt and Liselotte know her. Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false.

* MS: an example of an entailment would be: "she broke her leg." entails "she had an injury of the leg."

== [[User:Ulrike]] ==
* The type of your Implicature is a hedge. Nice examples!

* MS: Your example of entailment is at the same time a presupposition. An example of an entailment would be: "I think they live in Hammersmith." entails "It is possible that they live in Hammersmith."

== [[User:Marc M]] ==
* Good examples!

== [[User:Slc]] ==
* MS: it's "the following lines" not "the following pages"

* MS: Entailment: Entailments are not background assumptions but part of what is actually said/asserted. Your 12b is a clear entailment. In the case of the others, (a) is rather a presupposition, (c ) is not clear, I am not sure whether this is a logical consequence or whether we have put in some cultural knowledge about goodbye gifts and saying goodbye.

== [[User:VerenaS]] ==
* "Where has Steven moved?" presupposes "A person called Steven exists and is known to both, Simon and Sylvia". Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false.
* MS: An example of an entailment in your dialogue might be: "somewhere near Moscow" entails "somewhere near a city in Russia"
* The type of your Implicature is a hedge.

* MS: typo in "somewhere"

* MS: Your dialogue seems to have a break. I do not see the connection between line 2 and 3 (unless the nights had been together with Steven, maybe).

== [[User:Hilâl]] ==
* "My brother Jake cannot go to Brazil" presupposes that "Carry has a brother whose name is Jake". An entailment could be the sentence: "Someone cannot go to Brazil."
* MS: en example of an entailment would be: "My brother Jake cannot go to Brazil" entails "Someone called Jake cannot go to Brazil"

* "He didn't pass the exam." -> The presupposition would be that "He took an exam." "Jake had to take an exam in order to go to Brazil." would be the Particularized Conversational Implicature of the sentence.

== [[User:FlorianB]] ==
* "What's in this bottle?" presupposes that "There is a bottle" (existential presupposition) and that something is in it (structural presupposition). Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false.
*MS: An example of an entailment would be: "Motor oil [is in the bottle]" entails "There is oil in the bottle."
* "I'd better call a doctor." flouts the maxim of relevance and "Drinking motor oil is not a good idea and a doctor - for the insane? - should be consulted" is a Particularized Conversational Implicature.

== [[User:Jennifer Borchert]] ==
* "When will you be allowed to leave the hospital?" presupposes that B is in the hospital. (structural presupposition) Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false.

* "I guess in a week." is an Implicature, more specifically a hedge.

* "I really look forward to our holidays in june!" presupposes that A and B will go on a holiday in June. There is no implicature. MS: you can test that it is a presupposition by negating: "I don't look forward to our holidays in june" still allows for the inference "A takes a vacation".

* MS: an example of an entailment would be: "I look forward to our holidays in june" entails "I look forward to something"

Talk:NMTS-InferencePage

2012-12-10T14:29:32Z

Caterina: /* User:AnKa */

= Comments on your dialogues =
Note: Comments by Prof. Sailer are indicated by his initials "MS". 

== [[User:Anna P.]] ==
* Entailments follow logically from another sentence, meaning that all the information in the entailment has to be "given" in the utterance that entails it."Howard's mom needs to dress first before she can attend to her son" is therefore not an entailment of the sentence "I'm not decent". You could say that "I'm not decent" flouts the maxim of quantity, and the implicature is that Howard's mom really wants to convey that she needs to dress first before she can attend to him.
* Implicature: Might also be a conventional implicature, because the word "suddenly" expresses the contrast between how it has been done before, and what has changed now. In this case, this change of behaviour evokes doubts in Howard.

== [[User:Lorena]] ==
* Entailment: Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false. MS: An entailment of 2 is: "At least half of our friends were at the party."

* MS: please mention what triggers the presupposition (the wh-question in your example)

* I like your other examples, and you're right, Kevin's sentence "Well, if I hadn´t had to pick my parents from the airport…" is also a Particularized conversational implicature.

== [[User:Lisa]] ==
* The presupposition "Lisa has a dog" in Line 3 is a existential presupposition. I like the rest of your examples!

== [[User:AnKa]] ==
* You could maybe specify that the Implicature is a Generalized Conversational Implicature.
* I do not think that the question "Is there a male English teacher at your school?" contains a presupposition.

== [[User:Moonhwa9113]] ==
* Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false. Otherwise nice examples!

== [[User:Elisabeth.krall]] ==
* Implicature: Tim does flout the maxim of manner and of quantity actually. But I don't think he wants to convey any additional meaning by it, so I wouldn't classify it as an Implicature. Tom's reply "Oh… yes, if you say so", on the other hand, is a hedge, indicating that he couldn't quite follow/didn't really understand Tim's utterance.

* Additional note: Your entailment is a symmetrical entailment as it is a paraphrase.

== [[User:Anna]] ==
* "The timing belt broke" would actually be a Particularized Conversational Implicature, flouting the maxim of relevance.

* For "She didn't manage to go there" the Lexical Presupposition is that "She tried to go there". "She was not there" is simply the assertion of the sentence, it is also an entailment.

* MS: Yes!! She was not there is an entailment. That is a wonderful example of one.
* MS: Line 5 could also be seen as a violation of relevance, with the effect that a change of topic is brought about.

== [[User:Anna Böcher]] ==
* Entailment: An entailment must follow logically from the utterance it is an entailment of, which means the information in the entailment must be inherent in the original utterance. "I want to talk like a lady in a flower-shop" does not entail that she doesn't talk like that yet. An entailment of "I want to talk like a lady in a flower-shop" could be "Somebody wants to talk like a lady in a flower-shop".

== [[User:Leo]] ==
* The sentence “Have you seen Gretel in the last couple of days?“ presupposes that someone called Gretel exists and both Kurt and Liselotte know her. Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false.

* MS: an example of an entailment would be: "she broke her leg." entails "she had an injury of the leg."

== [[User:Ulrike]] ==
* The type of your Implicature is a hedge. Nice examples!

* MS: Your example of entailment is at the same time a presupposition. An example of an entailment would be: "I think they live in Hammersmith." entails "It is possible that they live in Hammersmith."

== [[User:Marc M]] ==
* Good examples!

== [[User:Slc]] ==
* MS: it's "the following lines" not "the following pages"

* MS: Entailment: Entailments are not background assumptions but part of what is actually said/asserted. Your 12b is a clear entailment. In the case of the others, (a) is rather a presupposition, (c ) is not clear, I am not sure whether this is a logical consequence or whether we have put in some cultural knowledge about goodbye gifts and saying goodbye.

== [[User:VerenaS]] ==
* "Where has Steven moved?" presupposes "A person called Steven exists and is known to both, Simon and Sylvia". Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false.
* MS: An example of an entailment in your dialogue might be: "somewhere near Moscow" entails "somewhere near a city in Russia"
* The type of your Implicature is a hedge.

* MS: typo in "somewhere"

* MS: Your dialogue seems to have a break. I do not see the connection between line 2 and 3 (unless the nights had been together with Steven, maybe).

== [[User:Hilâl]] ==
* "My brother Jake cannot go to Brazil" presupposes that "Carry has a brother whose name is Jake". An entailment could be the sentence: "Someone cannot go to Brazil."
* MS: en example of an entailment would be: "My brother Jake cannot go to Brazil" entails "Someone called Jake cannot go to Brazil"

* "He didn't pass the exam." -> The presupposition would be that "He took an exam." "Jake had to take an exam in order to go to Brazil." would be the Particularized Conversational Implicature of the sentence.

== [[User:FlorianB]] ==
* "What's in this bottle?" presupposes that "There is a bottle" (existential presupposition) and that something is in it (structural presupposition). Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false.
*MS: An example of an entailment would be: "Motor oil [is in the bottle]" entails "There is oil in the bottle."
* "I'd better call a doctor." flouts the maxim of relevance and "Drinking motor oil is not a good idea and a doctor - for the insane? - should be consulted" is a Particularized Conversational Implicature.

== [[User:Jennifer Borchert]] ==
* "When will you be allowed to leave the hospital?" presupposes that B is in the hospital. (structural presupposition) Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false.

* "I guess in a week." is an Implicature, more specifically a hedge.

* "I really look forward to our holidays in june!" presupposes that A and B will go on a holiday in June. There is no implicature. MS: you can test that it is a presupposition by negating: "I don't look forward to our holidays in june" still allows for the inference "A takes a vacation".

* MS: an example of an entailment would be: "I look forward to our holidays in june" entails "I look forward to something"

NMTS-Group3

2012-11-26T18:07:49Z

Caterina: /* Our materials for an interactive whiteboard */

NMTS-Group3

2012-11-05T15:23:19Z

Caterina: /* Our wiki pages */

User:Caterina

2012-11-04T12:17:59Z

Caterina:

User:Caterina

2012-11-03T13:17:48Z

Caterina: /* Useful Links */

== Caterina Marinacci ==

E-Mail: [mailto:c4th.m@gmx.de c4th.m@gmx.de] 
[[File:page.jpg|thumb|Paige, Caterina's cat]]

== Studies ==
Lehramt Gymnasium (L3)

* English 
* Italian

== Attended Seminars ==

*Introduction to Linguistics
*Semantic Phenomena

== Research interests ==
* Teaching with New Media
* English Syntax and Semantics
* Ambiguity
* Presuppositions

== Internal Links ==

[[Glossary:presupposition | Presupposition]]

[[Glossary:Denotation | Denotation]]

[[NMTS-Group3#Members | Group # 3]]

== Useful Links ==
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presupposition

User:Caterina

2012-11-03T13:16:32Z

Caterina: /* Useful Links */

User:Caterina

2012-11-03T13:13:21Z

Caterina:

User:Caterina

2012-11-03T13:13:00Z

Caterina: /* Useful Links */

User:Caterina

2012-11-03T13:05:16Z

Caterina:

== Caterina Marinacci ==

E-Mail: [mailto:c4th.m@gmx.de c4th.m@gmx.de] 
[[File:page.jpg|thumb|Paige, Caterina's cat]]

== Studies ==
Lehramt Gymnasium (L3)

* English 
* Italian

== Attended Seminars ==

*Introduction to Linguistics
*Semantic Phenomena

== Research interests ==
* Teaching with New Media
* English Syntax and Semantics
* Ambiguity
* Presuppositions

== Useful Links ==

[[Glossary:presupposition | Presupposition]]

[[Glossary:Denotation | Denotation]]

[[NMTS-Group3#Members | Group # 3]]

User:Caterina

2012-11-03T13:00:15Z

Caterina: /* Caterina Marinacci */

== Caterina Marinacci ==

E-Mail: [mailto:c4th.m@gmx.de c4th.m@gmx.de] 

[[File:page.jpg|thumb|Paige, Caterina's cat]]

== Studies ==
Lehramt Gymnasium (L3)

* English 
* Italian

== Attended Seminars ==

*Introduction to Linguistics
*Semantic Phenomena

== Research interests ==
* Teaching with New Media
* English Syntax and Semantics
* Ambiguity
* Presuppositions

== Useful Links ==

[[Glossary:presupposition | Presupposition]]

[[Glossary:Denotation | Denotation]]

[[NMTS-Group3#Members | Group # 3]]

File:Page.jpg

2012-11-03T12:59:34Z

Caterina:

== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-all|migration=redundant}}

Glossary:Denotation

2012-10-28T12:10:38Z

Caterina: /* Related terms */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

= Denotation =

Pronunciation: /ˌdinoʊˈteɪʃən/

== Definition ==

Denotation refers to the relationship between a linguistic expression and the concrete language-external entities to which it refers.

== Examples ==
* (word) Labrador: (Denotation) one breed of ´canine quadrupeds´i.e. four-legged animals belonging to the dog family. 
* (word) Winter: (Denotation) the season between autumn and spring.

== Related terms ==

[[Glossary:Connotation | Connotation]]

== References and links ==
Markus Bieswanger, and Annette Becker. ''Introduction to English Linguistics''. 2nd Auflage. A.Franke Verlag Tübingen und Basel, 2008. Print.

Glossary:presupposition

2012-10-28T12:08:15Z

Caterina: /* Related terms */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

= Presupposition =

Pronunciation: /ˌpriːsʌpəˈzɪʃ(ə)n/

== Definition ==

A ''presupposition'' is a background belief or assumption relating to an utterance.

== Examples ==

The utterance ''"Kate stopped writing novels when she left London."'' has the following presuppositions:

* Kate once wrote novels.
* Kate wrote novels while she was in London.
* Kate left London.
* Kate had been at London.

== Related terms ==

*''actual presupposition''

*''potential presupposition''

*''presupposition-triggers''

== References and links ==

== Literature ==

User:Caterina

2012-10-28T12:02:35Z

Caterina: /* Useful Links */

== Caterina Marinacci ==

E-Mail: [mailto:c4th.m@gmx.de c4th.m@gmx.de] 

== Studies ==
Lehramt Gymnasium (L3)

* English 
* Italian

== Attended Seminars ==

*Introduction to Linguistics
*Semantic Phenomena

== Research interests ==
* Teaching with New Media
* English Syntax and Semantics
* Ambiguity
* Presuppositions

== Useful Links ==

[[Glossary:presupposition | Presupposition]]

[[Glossary:Denotation | Denotation]]

[[NMTS-Group3#Members | Group # 3]]

User:Caterina

2012-10-28T12:01:23Z

Caterina: /* Research interests */

User:Caterina

2012-10-28T12:01:00Z

Caterina:

== Caterina Marinacci ==

E-Mail: [mailto:c4th.m@gmx.de c4th.m@gmx.de] 

== Studies ==
Lehramt Gymnasium (L3)

* English 
* Italian

== Attended Seminars ==

*Introduction to Linguistics
*Semantic Phenomena

== Research interests ==
* Teaching with New Media
* English Syntax and Semantics
* Ambiguity
* Presupposition

== Useful Links ==

[[Glossary:presupposition | Presupposition]]

[[NMTS-Group3#Members | Group # 3]]

Glossary:Denotation

2012-10-28T11:59:11Z

Caterina: /* Denotation */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

= Denotation =

Pronunciation: /ˌdinoʊˈteɪʃən/

== Definition ==

Denotation refers to the relationship between a linguistic expression and the concrete language-external entities to which it refers.

== Examples ==
* (word) Labrador: (Denotation) one breed of ´canine quadrupeds´i.e. four-legged animals belonging to the dog family. 
* (word) Winter: (Denotation) the season between autumn and spring.

== Related terms ==

[[Glossary:connotation | Connotation]]

== References and links ==
Markus Bieswanger, and Annette Becker. ''Introduction to English Linguistics''. 2nd Auflage. A.Franke Verlag Tübingen und Basel, 2008. Print.

Glossary:Denotation

2012-10-28T11:57:41Z

Caterina: /* Related terms */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

= Denotation =

Pronunciation:

== Definition ==

Denotation refers to the relationship between a linguistic expression and the concrete language-external entities to which it refers.

== Examples ==
* (word) Labrador: (Denotation) one breed of ´canine quadrupeds´i.e. four-legged animals belonging to the dog family. 
* (word) Winter: (Denotation) the season between autumn and spring.

== Related terms ==

[[Glossary:connotation | Connotation]]

== References and links ==
Markus Bieswanger, and Annette Becker. ''Introduction to English Linguistics''. 2nd Auflage. A.Franke Verlag Tübingen und Basel, 2008. Print.

User:Caterina

2012-10-28T11:56:33Z

Caterina:

== Caterina Marinacci ==

E-Mail: [mailto:c4th.m@gmx.de c4th.m@gmx.de] 

'''Studies''' 
Lehramt Gymnasium (L3)

* English 
* Italian

'''Attended Seminars'''

*Introduction to Linguistics
*Semantic Phenomena

''' Research interests '''
* Teaching with New Media
* English Syntax
* Ambiguity

Links

[[Glossary:presupposition | Presupposition]]

[[NMTS-Group3#Members | Group # 3]]

Glossary:Denotation

2012-10-28T11:55:03Z

Caterina: /* References and links */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

= Denotation =

Pronunciation:

== Definition ==

Denotation refers to the relationship between a linguistic expression and the concrete language-external entities to which it refers.

== Examples ==
* (word) Labrador: (Denotation) one breed of ´canine quadrupeds´i.e. four-legged animals belonging to the dog family. 
* (word) Winter: (Denotation) the season between autumn and spring.

== Related terms ==

Connotation

== References and links ==
Markus Bieswanger, and Annette Becker. ''Introduction to English Linguistics''. 2nd Auflage. A.Franke Verlag Tübingen und Basel, 2008. Print.

Glossary:Denotation

2012-10-28T11:48:19Z

Caterina: /* Definition */

Glossary:Denotation

2012-10-28T11:46:57Z

Caterina: /* Examples */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

= Denotation =

Pronunciation:

== Definition ==

== Examples ==
* (word) Labrador: (Denotation) one breed of ´canine quadrupeds´i.e. four-legged animals belonging to the dog family. 
* (word) Winter: (Denotation) the season between autumn and spring.

== Related terms ==

Connotation

== References and links ==

Glossary:Denotation

2012-10-28T11:43:49Z

Caterina: Created page with "{{MaterialUnderConstruction}} = Denotation = Pronunciation: == Definition == == Examples == == Related terms == Connotation == References and links =="

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

= Denotation =

Pronunciation:

== Definition ==

== Examples ==

== Related terms ==

Connotation

== References and links ==

Basic Glossary

2012-10-28T11:40:30Z

Caterina: /* D */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

(Back to the meeting of [[NMTS_Meeting_2|October 23, 2012]])

= Glossary of Basic Semantic Terms =

== A ==

* [[Glossary:Ambiguity|'''ambiguity''']] ([[User:KimA]])

* [[Glossary:Antonym|'''antonym''']] ([[User:Leo]])

* [[Glossary:Anaphora|'''anaphora''']] ([[User:AnKA]])

== B ==

== C ==

* [[Glossary:contradiction|'''contradiction''']] ([[User:Katarzyna]])
* [[Glossary:Complementarity|'''Complementarity''']] ([[User:VerenaS]])
* [[Glossary:Connotation|'''Connotation''']] ([[User:Jennifer Borchert]])

== D ==
* [[Glossary:Denotation|'''Denotation''']] ([[User:Caterina]])

== E ==

* [[Glossary:entailment|'''entailment''']] ([[User:Nicki]])

== F ==

* [[Glossary: Formulae|'''formulae''']] ([[User:Elisabeth.krall]])

== G ==

== H ==

* [[Glossary:Homograph|'''homograph''']] ([[User:Lorena]])

* [[Glossary:Homonym|'''homonym''']] ([[User:FlorianB]])

* [[Glossary:Homophony|'''homophony''']] ([[User:Anna]])

* [[Glossary:Hyponym|'''hyponym''']] ([[User:Lisa]])

* [[Glossary:Heteronym|'''heteronym''']] ([[User:moonhwa9113]])

== I ==

== J ==

== K ==

== L ==

* [[Glossary:Lexical Ambiguity|'''lexical ambiguity''']] ([[User:KimA]])

== M ==

* [[Glossary:Meronymy|'''meronymy''']] ([[User:Anna P.]])

* [[Glossary:Metaphor|'''metaphor''']] ([[User:Farzad]])

== N ==

== O ==

* [[Glossary:Oxymoron|'''oxymoron''']] ([[User:Stephie R.]])

== P ==
* Polysemy ([[Polysemy| User:Marlene]])

* [[Glossary:Paraphrase |Paraphrase]] ([[User:Katharina | Katharina]])

* [[Glossary:presupposition | Presupposition]] ([[User:Katharina_D | Katharina D.]])

* [[Glossary:Prototype|'''prototype''']] ([[User:Lara]])

* [[Glossary: Predicate|'''predicate''']] ([[User:Marthe]])

== Q ==

* [[Glossary:Quantifiers|'''quantifiers''']] ([[User:BorisL]])

== R ==
*'''[[Glossary:Register|register]]''' ([[User:Anna Böcher]])

== S ==
* [[Glossary:Sorts/Types|'''sorts/types''']] ([[User:IngoM]])

== T ==

== U ==

== V ==

== W ==

== X ==

== Y ==

== Z ==

User:Caterina

2012-10-22T17:03:54Z

Caterina:

User:Caterina

2012-10-22T17:03:17Z

Caterina: Created page with " == Caterina Marinacci == E-Mail: [mailto:c4th.m@gmx.de c4th.m@gmx.de] '''Studies''' Lehramt Gymnasium (L3) * English * Italian '''Attended S..."

== Caterina Marinacci ==
 
E-Mail: [mailto:c4th.m@gmx.de c4th.m@gmx.de] 

'''Studies''' 
Lehramt Gymnasium (L3)

* English 
* Italian

'''Attended Seminars'''

*Introduction to Linguistics
*Semantic Phenomena

''' Research interests '''
* Teaching with New Media
* English Syntax
* Ambiguity