Lexical Resource Semantics - User contributions [en]

NMTS-Group2

2013-02-01T11:26:11Z

Sabrina: /* Part 1 - Homophones */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

(Back to the [[NMTS_Meeting_2#Groups|group overview]])

= Wikipage of Group 2 =

== Overview ==

=== Members ===
* [[User:Anna| Anna]]
* [[User:Katarzyna| Katarzyna]]
* [[User:VerenaS| Verena]]
* [[User:Ulrike| Ulrike]]

=== Short description of the topic ===
Our aim is to enlighten the subject of semantic relations. What is a synonym? How can we distinguish polysemy and homonymy? Why are ''alive'' and ''dead'' complements and not truly antonyms? Those are the questions we want to answer by producing guides and excercises for future students and all those who never understood semantic relations.

== References and links ==

=== References ===


* Cann, R.; Ruth Kempson; Eleni Gregoromichelaki (2009). ''Semantics - an introduction to meaning in language.'' Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
* Murphy, M. Lynne. (2003). ''Semantic relations and the lexicon : antonymy, synonymy and other paradigms.'' Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
* Lyons, J. (1983). ''Semantik 2.'' München: Beck.

=== Links ===
* [[Glossary:Homophony|homophony]]
* [[Glossary:contradiction|contradiction]]
* [[Glossary:Complementarity|complementarity]]

* [http://www.generalsemantics.org/the-general-semantics-learning-center/online-library/ General Semantics Learning Center]
* [http://www.iva.dk/bh/lifeboat_ko/CONCEPTS/semantic_relations.htm A general overview, granted by Det Informationsvidenskabelige Akademi]
* [http://wordnet.princeton.edu/wordnet WordNet, granted by the Princeton Univesity (By clicking on 'browser', you have access to a highly dense database of English words, all saved with a full descirption of their semantic relation)]
* [http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam041/2003046079.pdf Semantic Relations and the Lexicon: Antonymy, Synonymy, and Other Paradigims]

=== Links with non-scientific background (please handle with care) ===
* [http://www.synonym.com/antonym/ Antonym Finder, can also be used for synonyms and definitions]
* [http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/synonyms-antonyms.htm A good page to illustrate the difference between synonym and antonyms (with examples)]

= Our e-learning objects =

== Our wiki pages ==

* [[Glossary:Homophony|homophony (definition in Basic Glossary)]]
* [[Glossary:contradiction|contradiction (definition in Basic Glossary)]]
* [[Glossary:Complementarity|complementarity (definition in Basic Glossary)]]
* [[Glossary:Hypernym|hypernym (definition in Basic Glossary)]]

== Our podcasts ==
<mediaplayer>http://youtu.be/M7pvAmLtOSk</mediaplayer>

== Our materials for an interactive whiteboard ==


== Our pictures ==

<gallery>
File:Anna.jpg|Anna
File:Katarzyna.jpg|Katarzyna
File:VerenaSinkel.jpg|Verena
File:UlrikeH.jpg|Ulrike

</gallery>

= Our exercises =

==Example==

Meaning relations among words or sentences. Which meaning relation holds between the following words or sentences? Your answer should be of the form: Word/sentence A is an X of word/sentence B. 
 
a. A: I saw Martha at the anniversary party. B: It was Martha that I saw at the anniversary party. 
b. A: plane B: cockpit 
c. A: piano B: musical instrument 
d. A: Vera is an only child. B: Olga is Vera’s sister. 
e. A: My cousin Tom is a teacher. B: My cousin Tom teaches at the community collage for living.

=Test yourself=

The following questions are all about certain category groups within basic semantic relation - either between words or between sentences. Choose your answer wisely as more than one answer could be correct. Good luck!

==Part 1 - Homophones==

'''Which of the following pairs are homophones? Click on the alphabetic character to check your answers and remember, multiple choice question means that there ''can be more than one'' right answer.''' 

[[Homophones1a| a]]) bight ''(curve in a coastline)'' - byte (unit of memory size) 
[[Homophones1b| b]]) bear ''(animal)'' – beer ''(alcoholic drink)'' 
[[Homophones1c| c]]) haw ''(fruit)''- hoar ''(venerable)'' 
[[Homophones1d| d]]) fawn ''(colour)'' – fawn ''(little roe deer)'' 
[[Homophones1e| e]]) read ''(present tense)'' - ''read (past tense)'' 
[[Homophones1f| f]]) heal ''(to cure)'' - he’ll ''(short form of he will)'' 
 
'''Now it's getting a bit hairier. Same question but the answers are not that easy any more...''' 
[[Homophones2a| a]]) personal pronoun - part of your face 
[[Homophones2b| b]]) to bend down - ribbon 
[[Homophones2c| c]]) to clean very intensely - someone from Poland 
[[Homophones2d| d]]) past tense of 'to eat' – one-digit number 
[[Homophones2e| e]]) sound of a dog – skin of a tree 
[[Homophones2f| f]]) nearby - to shut 
Comment: I like the audio examples in your solutions!

==Part 2 - Antonyms and Synonyms==
===Synonyms===
'''Choose the best synonym for the following words:''' 
 
'''1. ambassador''' 
[[Synonyms1a| a]]) revolt 
[[Synonyms1b| b]]) combatant 
[[Synonyms1c| c]]) refugee 
[[Synonyms1d| d]]) general 
[[Synonyms1e| e]]) representative 
 
'''2. enthusiasm''' 
[[Synonyms2a| a]]) passion 
[[Synonyms2b| b]]) goal 
[[Synonyms2c| c]]) will 
[[Synonyms2d| d]]) entertainment 
[[Synonyms2e| e]]) desire 
 
'''3. result''' 
[[Synonyms3a| a]]) decision 
[[Synonyms3b| b]]) cause 
[[Synonyms3c| c]]) outcome 
[[Synonyms3d| d]]) data 
[[Synonyms3e| e]]) grade 
 
 

===Antonyms===
'''Now, it's time for antonyms! Look for the best match for the following:''' 
 
'''1. competition''' 
[[Antonyms1a| a]]) contest 
[[Antonyms1b| b]]) unification 
[[Antonyms1c| c]]) cooperation 
[[Antonyms1d| d]]) team 
[[Antonyms1e| e]]) sport 
 
'''2. melt''' 
[[Antonyms2a| a]]) warm 
[[Antonyms2b| b]]) thaw 
[[Antonyms2c| c]]) cool 
[[Antonyms2d| d]]) glacier 
[[Antonyms2e| e]]) freeze 
 
'''3. reality''' 
[[Antonyms3a| a]]) dream 
[[Antonyms3b| b]]) play 
[[Antonyms3c| c]]) reaction 
[[Antonyms3d| d]]) fiction 
[[Antonyms3e| e]]) fantasy 
 

==Part 3 - Relations between sentences==

'''This time, your task is a bit more based on your personal knowledge of semantics. You get 15 sentences, each part of a special kind of semantic relation. Can you describe the semantic relationship expressed by each of the following sentences? Click on the sentence to check your solution.'''
 
''(Hint: 6x contradiction [3x within the sentence], 3x entailment, 4x ambiguity (there are several subcategories!) and 1 paraphrase)'' 
Comment: With contradiction you need two sentences, one contradicting the other. Your examples seem to be such that individual sentences are self-contradictory. This is different. Keep this in mind, i.e., change the description of the exercise or the examples.
 
1. [[Sem_Rel1| George is a pig.]] 
2. [[Sem_Rel2| That is a large bat.]] 
3. [[Sem_Rel3| That is a well-known club.]] 
4. [[Sem_Rel4| My brother married a doctor. My male sibling joined in wedlock with a physician.]] 
5. [[Sem_Rel5| The corpse is alive.]] 
6. [[Sem_Rel6| Professor Mulhausen went to his office. Professor Mulhausen went to the university.]] 
7. [[Sem_Rel7| My husband keeps forgetting things. Thank God I'm a widow.]] 
8. [[Sem_Rel8| Jane ate a piece of chicken. Jane ate a piece of poultry.]] 
9. [[Sem_Rel9| My brother is an only child.]] 
10. [[Sem_Rel10| He unintentionally committed perjury.]] 
11. [[Sem_Rel11| She wore a colorless pink dress.]] 
12. [[Sem_Rel12| He dusted the plants.]] 
13. [[Sem_Rel13| Othello killed Desdemona. Desdemona died.]] 
14. [[Sem_Rel114| He descended from the ground floor to the attic.]]

NMTS-Group3

2013-02-01T11:18:29Z

Sabrina: /* 1. Presupposition or entailment? */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

(Back to the [[NMTS_Group_3# Group|Group 3]])

= Presupposition (Group 3) =

== Overview ==

== Members ==
* [[User:Katharina_D| Katharina]]
* [[User:Caterina| Caterina]]
* [[User:DaniKe| Daniela]]
* [[User:Eva Kotsikopoulou|Eva]]

== Short description of the topic ==
There are endless ways of communicating. It takes place through language, the appearance of a person, animals communicate, music has the power to communicate and of course literature and even plants communicate. Usually we take a lot of knowledge for granted, such as Germany has a female Bundeskanzler or even historical events that have become part of our cultural memory and are therefore taken as common knowledge.
Due to our topic communication via language in will be the aim of our group. We will deal with a part of semantics that is called formal semantics. This is a branch of linguistics that approaches meaning using the notion of truth. For presuppositions truth /falsity is important in terms of the relation between sentences. This means that the truth or falsity of the second sentence (the presupposed sentence) is implied by the truth or falsity of the first sentence

===Examples===
----

[[File:King.png]]

The truth of the second sentence is implied by the truth/falsity of the first sentence. If we know that the first sentence is not true, such as there isn‘t a king of France, bewilderment would be the reaction to such bold statement.
A lot of times presuppositions are used where people are being manipulatet such as in commercials:

== References and links ==

=== References ===
<pre style="color:green">
* Meyer, Paul Georg. 2002.Synchronic English Linguistics-An Introduction. Tübingen: Narr Studienbücher.
* Bieswanger, Markus.2010. Introduction to English Linguistics. Stuttgart: UTB- Verlag.
</pre>

=== Links ===

*[[Glossary:presupposition | Presupposition]]

*[http://www.ijk.hmtm-hannover.de/fileadmin/www.ijk/pdf/aktuelles/wiki-handbuch_080204.pdf Dr. Pelka, Bastian. 2007.Ein Mediawiki Handbuch von Einsteigern für Einsteiger. Institut für Journalistik und Kommunikationsforschung (IJK) der Hochschule für Musik und Theater. Hannover]

= Our e-learning objects =

== Our wiki pages ==

* [[Glossary:Denotation|Denotation (definition in Basic Glossary)]] 

== Our podcasts ==

<mediaplayer>http://youtu.be/YQJvOaMCUaw</mediaplayer>

<mediaplayer>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vb8c7pEEEYg</mediaplayer>

== Our materials for an interactive whiteboard ==
[http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~sailer/nmts-wise1213/Presuppositions.notebook Presuppositions.notebook]

== Our pictures ==


<gallery>
File:75597_1686984743275_7926473_n.jpg|Kitty, Katharina's cat
File:Sunset.jpg|Dani's favorite sunset
File:Page.jpg|Caterina's pet
File: Eva.jpg|Eva's dog
</gallery>

= Our exercises =

===1. Presupposition or entailment?===
You will now have to find out whether the sentence is a presupposition or an entailment.

Comment Sailer: The second sentences, i.e. the presuppositon or the entailment, is missing in your examples. - but it seems you are not done yet anyways. Is this correct?

# Where is the man with the [[Help:megaphone|megaphone]]?.
# [[Queen of England]] attended a cooking workshop.
#[[My dog Richard]] was killed in a car accident.
 

Comment: I know you're still working on these exercises, but just as a first comment: the explanation for the last sentence is a bit confusing. Maybe you could re-write it so it becomes more clear.

=== 2.The following sentences make certain presuppositions. What are they?===

# Would you mind washing up the dishes this time? Presupposition:[[???]]
# I want more milk for my tea! Presupposition:[[??]]

Comment Sailer: 
1) ??? and ?? are very bad names for wiki pages. Please use longer and more mnemonic names - such as PresupposionEx2-1 or similar 
2) In your example solution you should give more than just one presuppositions because the sentences have many presuppositions. Alternatively you could underline a particular word in the original sentence and ask for the presupposition(s) that are triggered by this word.

<hr />
Back to the [[NMTS-Group3|NMTS-Group3]].

NMTS-Group1

2013-02-01T11:05:29Z

Sabrina: /* Our exercises */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

(Back to the [[NMTS_Meeting_2#Groups|group overview]])

= Ambiguity (Group 1) =

== Overview ==

=== Members ===
* [[User:Nicki| Nicki]]
* [[User:Marc_M| Marc M]]
* [[User:Leo| Leo]]
* [[User:Anna_Böcher| Anna Böcher]]
* [[User:Lorena| Lorena]]

=== Short description of the topic ===
Ambiguity is an extremely widespread phenomenon on which many puns and jokes are based on. 

It can be differentiated between lexical and structural ambiguity. [[Glossary:Lexical_Ambiguity|Lexical ambiguity]] is defined as words having multiple meanings. 
''Example'': 
Is life worth living? It depends on the liver.

[[Glossary:Structural_Ambiguity|Structural ambiguity]] arises when the syntactic structure of a sentence allows more than one meaning. 
''Example'': 
rich women and men: [rich women] and men ''or'' rich [women or men] 
Anna saw tourists with binoculars.: Anna saw [tourists with binoculars] ''or'' Anna saw [tourists] with binoculars.

A double meaning is created on the lexical or structural level of meaning by:
*[[Glossary:Polysemy|polysemy]]
*[[Glossary:Homophony|homophony]]
*[[Glossary:Homonym|homonymy]] 

== References and links ==

=== References ===
*Bieswanger, Markus & Annette Becker. 2006. ''Introduction to English Linguistics'' (3rd edition). Tübingen and Basel: A. Francke Verlag. 
*Kortmann, Bernd. 2005. ''English Linguistics: Essentials''. Berlin: Cornelsen Verlag.
*Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert & Hyams, Nina. 2003. ''An Introduction to Language'' (7th edition). Boston: Thomson Heinle.
*Matthias Bauer, Joachim Knape, Peter Koch, Susanne Winkler (2010): Dimensionen der Ambiguität. Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik 158, 7-75.

=== Links ===

* [[Glossary:Ambiguity|ambiguity (definition in Basic Glossary)]]

* [[Glossary:Lexical_Ambiguity|lexical ambiguity (definition in Basic Glossary)]]

* [[Glossary:Polysemy|polysemy (definition in Basic Glossary)]]

* [[Glossary:Homophony|homophony (definition in Basic Glossary)]]

* [[Glossary:Homonym|homonymy (definition in Basic Glossary)]]

* [http://www2.let.uu.nl/Uil-OTS/Lexicon/ "ambiguity" in Utrecht Institute of Linguistics, Lexicon of Linguistics ]

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ambiguity/ "ambiguity" in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]

* [http://online.sfsu.edu/kbach/ambguity.html Online version of Kent Bach's entry on ''ambiguity'' in the ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''.]

= Our e-learning objects =

== Our wikipages ==

* [[Glossary:Antonym|antonym (definition in Basic Glossary)]] 
* [[Glossary:entailment|entailment (definition in Basic Glossary)]] 
* [[Glossary:Homograph|homograph (definition in Basic Glossary)]] 
* [[Glossary:Register|register (definition in Basic Glossary)]] 
* [[Glossary:Structural_Ambiguity|structural ambiguity (definition in Basic Glossary)]] 

== Our podcasts ==

[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SyyqkS1aofI Podcast on Lexical Ambiguity]

[[NMTS_Meeting_10]]

== Our materials for an interactive whiteboard ==
List all the files that your group created for the interactive whiteboard.

== Our pictures ==

<gallery>
File:Carlo.jpg|Anna's cat Carlo
File:MarcM1.jpg|Marc M
File:Nicki1.jpg|Nicki
File:PA080194.jpg|Jellyfishes (Zoo Berlin), Lorena's picture
File:Leo.jpeg|Leo
</gallery>

== Our exercises ==

* Exercise on types of ambiguities. [[Determine_the_type_of_ambiguity|Link to the exercise]] (only one example so far). 

* '''Exercise I: general definition of ambiguity''' 

a) What is an ambiguous word? 
1. [[Group1-Ex1-Solution1-a-1|a word with only one meaning]] 
2. [[Group1-Ex1-Solution1-a-2|a polysemous word, i.e. a sound sequence that has two or more different, but semantically related meanings]] 
3. [[Group1-Ex1-Solution1-a-3|a homophone word, i.e. a form that has two or more distinct meanings, but is pronounced in the same way]] 
Comment: provide more information in the solution! 
Additional comment: maybe provide examples for polysemous and homophone words, or link to Glossary entries in the solution

b) What is the technical term for words that have more than one meaning? 
1. [[Group1-Ex1-Solution1-b-1|scope ambiguity]] 
2. [[Group1-Ex1-Solution1-b-2|lexical ambiguity]] 
3. [[Group1-Ex1-Solution1-b-3|structural ambiguity]] 
Comment: provide more information in the solution!

c) Which word is the ambiguous word in the sentence? 
1. [[Group1-Ex1-Solution1-c-1|I bought it.]] 
2. [[Group1-Ex1-Solution1-c-2|There is no bank in this town.]] 
Comment: provide more information in the solution!

d) Can you explain the ambiguity in c) by paraphrasing the sentences? 
[[Group1-Ex1-d-Solution|{{CheckSolution}}]] 
e) Think of three sentences in which the word “hot” has different meanings. 
[[Group1-Ex1-e-Solution|{{CheckSolution}}]] 
Comment: you should give more example sentences with other meanings of ''hot''. Take all readings given in your favorite monolingual dictionary. For example: http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/hot?q=hot

* '''Exercise II: different types of ambiguity''' 

a) Also phrases and whole sentences can have more than more than one meaning. How is this form of ambiguity called? 
1. [[Group1-Ex2-Solution-a-1|Scope Ambiguity]] 
2. [[Group1-Ex2-Solution-a-2|Lexical Ambiguity]] 
3. [[Group1-Ex2-Solution-a-3|Structural Ambiguity]] 
Comment: good that you link to the definitions here. But the question is not very good, because a sentence can be ambiguous because of a scope ambiguity or a lexical ambiguity, not just because of a scope ambiguity. Please reformulate your question.

b) Which two meanings does the following sentence contain? Paraphrase them. 
''We need more intelligent administrators''. 
→ [[Group1-Ex2-b-Solutions|Paraphrases]] 
Comment:
1) give a linguistic characterization of the ambiguity. In reading 1 ''more'' is used as the comparative particle, i.e. ''more intelligent'' forms one constituent. In reading 2 ''more'' is used as a determiner, i.e., it combines with the phrase ''intelligent administrators''.


c) Think of an ambiguous phrase or sentence on your own and explain its ambiguity. 
→ [[Group1-Ex2-e-Solutions|Example]] 

* '''Exercise III: Trees''' 

a) Draw the two different trees of the following paraphrase. 
''poor women and men'' 
→ [[Group1-Ex2-c-Solutions|Trees]] 

b) Draw the two different trees of the following sentence. 
''Peter read the book on the Eiffel-Tower''. 
→ [[Group1-Ex2-d-Solutions|Trees]] 

Comment: maybe in b) you could add an explanation which two readings are possible, like you did in a)

Talk:NMTS-InferencePage

2012-12-07T13:19:43Z

Sabrina:

= Comments on your dialogues =
Note: Comments by Prof. Sailer are indicated by his initials "MS". 

== [[User:Anna P.]] ==
* Entailments follow logically from another sentence, meaning that all the information in the entailment has to be "given" in the utterance that entails it."Howard's mom needs to dress first before she can attend to her son" is therefore not an entailment of the sentence "I'm not decent". You could say that "I'm not decent" flouts the maxim of quantity, and the implicature is that Howard's mom really wants to convey that she needs to dress first before she can attend to him.
* Implicature: Might also be a conventional implicature, because the word "suddenly" expresses the contrast between how it has been done before, and what has changed now. In this case, this change of behaviour evokes doubts in Howard.

== [[User:Lorena]] ==
* Entailment: Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false. MS: An entailment of 2 is: "At least half of our friends were at the party."

* MS: please mention what triggers the presupposition (the wh-question in your example)

* I like your other examples, and you're right, Kevin's sentence "Well, if I hadn´t had to pick my parents from the airport…" is also a Particularized conversational implicature.

== [[User:Lisa]] ==
* The presupposition "Lisa has a dog" in Line 3 is a existential presupposition. I like the rest of your examples!

== [[User:AnKa]] ==
* You could maybe specify that the Implicature is a Generalized Conversational Implicature.

== [[User:Moonhwa9113]] ==
* Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false. Otherwise nice examples!

== [[User:Elisabeth.krall]] ==
* Implicature: Tim does flout the maxim of manner and of quantity actually. But I don't think he wants to convey any additional meaning by it, so I wouldn't classify it as an Implicature. Tom's reply "Oh… yes, if you say so", on the other hand, is a hedge, indicating that he couldn't quite follow/didn't really understand Tim's utterance.

* Additional note: Your entailment is a symmetrical entailment as it is a paraphrase.

== [[User:Anna]] ==
* "The timing belt broke" would actually be a Particularized Conversational Implicature, flouting the maxim of relevance.

* For "She didn't manage to go there" the Lexical Presupposition is that "She tried to go there". "She was not there" is simply the assertion of the sentence, it is also an entailment.

* MS: Yes!! She was not there is an entailment. That is a wonderful example of one.
* MS: Line 5 could also be seen as a violation of relevance, with the effect that a change of topic is brought about.

== [[User:Anna Böcher]] ==
* Entailment: An entailment must follow logically from the utterance it is an entailment of, which means the information in the entailment must be inherent in the original utterance. "I want to talk like a lady in a flower-shop" does not entail that she doesn't talk like that yet. An entailment of "I want to talk like a lady in a flower-shop" could be "Somebody wants to talk like a lady in a flower-shop".

== [[User:Leo]] ==
* The sentence “Have you seen Gretel in the last couple of days?“ presupposes that someone called Gretel exists and both Kurt and Liselotte know her. Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false.

* MS: an example of an entailment would be: "she broke her leg." entails "she had an injury of the leg."

== [[User:Ulrike]] ==
* The type of your Implicature is a hedge. Nice examples!

* MS: Your example of entailment is at the same time a presupposition. An example of an entailment would be: "I think they live in Hammersmith." entails "It is possible that they live in Hammersmith."

== [[User:Marc M]] ==
* Good examples!

== [[User:Slc]] ==
* MS: it's "the following lines" not "the following pages"

* MS: Entailment: Entailments are not background assumptions but part of what is actually said/asserted. Your 12b is a clear entailment. In the case of the others, (a) is rather a presupposition, (c ) is not clear, I am not sure whether this is a logical consequence or whether we have put in some cultural knowledge about goodbye gifts and saying goodbye.

== [[User:VerenaS]] ==
* "Where has Steven moved?" presupposes "A person called Steven exists and is known to both, Simon and Sylvia". Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false.
* MS: An example of an entailment in your dialogue might be: "somewhere near Moscow" entails "somewhere near a city in Russia"
* The type of your Implicature is a hedge.

* MS: typo in "somewhere"

* MS: Your dialogue seems to have a break. I do not see the connection between line 2 and 3 (unless the nights had been together with Steven, maybe).

== [[User:Hilâl]] ==
* "My brother Jake cannot go to Brazil" presupposes that "Carry has a brother whose name is Jake". An entailment could be the sentence: "Someone cannot go to Brazil."
* MS: en example of an entailment would be: "My brother Jake cannot go to Brazil" entails "Someone called Jake cannot go to Brazil"

* "He didn't pass the exam." -> The presupposition would be that "He took an exam." "Jake had to take an exam in order to go to Brazil." would be the Particularized Conversational Implicature of the sentence.

== [[User:FlorianB]] ==
* "What's in this bottle?" presupposes that "There is a bottle" (existential presupposition) and that something is in it (structural presupposition). Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false.
*MS: An example of an entailment would be: "Motor oil [is in the bottle]" entails "There is oil in the bottle."
* "I'd better call a doctor." flouts the maxim of relevance and "Drinking motor oil is not a good idea and a doctor - for the insane? - should be consulted" is a Particularized Conversational Implicature.

== [[User:Jennifer Borchert]] ==
* "When will you be allowed to leave the hospital?" presupposes that B is in the hospital. (structural presupposition) Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false.

* "I guess in a week." is an Implicature, more specifically a hedge.

* "I really look forward to our holidays in june!" presupposes that A and B will go on a holiday in June. There is no implicature. MS: you can test that it is a presupposition by negating: "I don't look forward to our holidays in june" still allows for the inference "A takes a vacation".

* MS: an example of an entailment would be: "I look forward to our holidays in june" entails "I look forward to something"

Talk:NMTS-InferencePage

2012-12-07T13:13:08Z

Sabrina:

= Comments on your dialogues =
Note: Comments by Prof. Sailer are indicated by his initials "MS". 

== [[User:Anna P.]] ==
* Entailments follow logically from another sentence, meaning that all the information in the entailment has to be "given" in the utterance that entails it."Howard's mom needs to dress first before she can attend to her son" is therefore not an entailment of the sentence "I'm not decent". You could say that "I'm not decent" flouts the maxim of quantity, and the implicature is that Howard's mom really wants to convey that she needs to dress first before she can attend to him.
* Implicature: Might also be a conventional implicature, because the word "suddenly" expresses the contrast between how it has been done before, and what has changed now. In this case, this change of behaviour evokes doubts in Howard.

== [[User:Lorena]] ==
* Entailment: Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false. MS: An entailment of 2 is: "At least half of our friends were at the party."

* MS: please mention what triggers the presupposition (the wh-question in your example)

* I like your other examples, and you're right, Kevin's sentence "Well, if I hadn´t had to pick my parents from the airport…" is also a Particularized conversational implicature.

== [[User:Lisa]] ==
* The presupposition "Lisa has a dog" in Line 3 is a existential presupposition. I like the rest of your examples!

== [[User:AnKa]] ==
* You could maybe specify that the Implicature is a Generalized Conversational Implicature.

== [[User:Moonhwa9113]] ==
* Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false. Otherwise nice examples!

== [[User:Elisabeth.krall]] ==
* Implicature: Tim does flout the maxim of manner and of quantity actually. But I don't think he wants to convey any additional meaning by it, so I wouldn't classify it as an Implicature. Tom's reply "Oh… yes, if you say so", on the other hand, is a hedge, indicating that he couldn't quite follow/didn't really understand Tim's utterance.

* Additional note: Your entailment is a symmetrical entailment as it is a paraphrase.

== [[User:Anna]] ==
* "The timing belt broke" would actually be a Particularized Conversational Implicature, flouting the maxim of relevance.

* For "She didn't manage to go there" the Lexical Presupposition is that "She tried to go there". "She was not there" is simply the assertion of the sentence, it is also an entailment.

* MS: Yes!! She was not there is an entailment. That is a wonderful example of one.
* MS: Line 5 could also be seen as a violation of relevance, with the effect that a change of topic is brought about.

== [[User:Anna Böcher]] ==
* Entailment: An entailment must follow logically from the utterance it is an entailment of, which means the information in the entailment must be inherent in the original utterance. "I want to talk like a lady in a flower-shop" does not entail that she doesn't talk like that yet. An entailment of "I want to talk like a lady in a flower-shop" could be "Somebody wants to talk like a lady in a flower-shop".

== [[User:Leo]] ==
* The sentence “Have you seen Gretel in the last couple of days?“ presupposes that someone called Gretel exists and both Kurt and Liselotte know her. Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false.

* MS: an example of an entailment would be: "she broke her leg." entails "she had an injury of the leg."

== [[User:Ulrike]] ==
* The type of your Implicature is a hedge. Nice examples!

* MS: Your example of entailment is at the same time a presupposition. An example of an entailment would be: "I think they live in Hammersmith." entails "It is possible that they live in Hammersmith."

== [[User:Marc M]] ==
* Good examples!

== [[User:Slc]] ==
* MS: it's "the following lines" not "the following pages"

* MS: Entailment: Entailments are not background assumptions but part of what is actually said/asserted. Your 12b is a clear entailment. In the case of the others, (a) is rather a presupposition, (c ) is not clear, I am not sure whether this is a logical consequence or whether we have put in some cultural knowledge about goodbye gifts and saying goodbye.

== [[User:VerenaS]] ==
* "Where has Steven moved?" presupposes "A person called Steven exists and is known to both, Simon and Sylvia". Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false.
* MS: An example of an entailment in your dialogue might be: "somewhere near Moscow" entails "somewhere near a city in Russia"
* The type of your Implicature is a hedge.

* MS: typo in "somewhere"

* MS: Your dialogue seems to have a break. I do not see the connection between line 2 and 3 (unless the nights had been together with Steven, maybe).

== [[User:Hilâl]] ==
* "My brother Jake cannot go to Brazil" presupposes that "Carry has a brother whose name is Jake". An entailment could be the sentence: "Someone cannot go to Brazil."
* MS: en example of an entailment would be: "My brother Jake cannot go to Brazil" entails "Someone called Jake cannot go to Brazil"

* "He didn't pass the exam." -> The presupposition would be that "He took an exam."

* "Jake had to take an exam in order to go to Brazil." would be the Particularized Conversational Implicature of the sentence.

== [[User:FlorianB]] ==
* "What's in this bottle?" presupposes that "There is a bottle" (existential presupposition) and that something is in it (structural presupposition). Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false.
*MS: An example of an entailment would be: "Motor oil [is in the bottle]" entails "There is oil in the bottle."
* "I'd better call a doctor." flouts the maxim of relevance and "Drinking motor oil is not a good idea and a doctor - for the insane? - should be consulted" is a Particularized Conversational Implicature.

== [[User:Jennifer Borchert]] ==
* "When will you be allowed to leave the hospital?" presupposes that B is in the hospital. (structural presupposition) Questions don't have entailments since they cannot be true or false.

* "I guess in a week." is an Implicature, more specifically a hedge.

* "I really look forward to our holidays in june!" presupposes that A and B will go on a holiday in June. There is no implicature. MS: you can test that it is a presupposition by negating: "I don't look forward to our holidays in june" still allows for the inference "A takes a vacation".

* MS: an example of an entailment would be: "I look forward to our holidays in june" entails "I look forward to something"

Talk:NMTS-InferencePage

2012-12-07T13:07:41Z

Sabrina: Created page with "= Comments on your dialogues = Note: Comments by Prof. Sailer are indicated by his initials "MS". == User:Anna P. == * Entailments follow logically from another sent..."