[[File:StephanieCh.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Stephanie C, March 2012|Stephanie C]]

=Stephanie C =

E-Mail: [mailto:s1089677@stud.uni-frankfurt.de Stephanie C ] 

=Studies=

University: Goethe University, Frankfurt 
Degree: English and History (teaching) 
Semester: 7 
Interests:
* New media in teaching English
* Post-colonial literature
* Modern history 

=Interesting Links=

*Course homepage: [[E-LRS |Lexical Resource Semantics]] 
*My glossary entry on implicature: [[Glossary:Implicature| Glossary - Implicature]] 
*Group 4's homepage on implicatures: [[NMTS-Group4| Group 4 - Implicatures]]
*A helpful introduction to semantics: [http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/semantics.htm Universal Teacher Introduction to Semantics]

NMTS-Group4

2013-04-05T13:24:13Z

Slc: /* Our Prezi Presentation */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

= Group 4 - Implicatures =

== Overview ==

=== Members ===

* [[User:Slc| Stephanie C.]]
* [[User:Stephie R.| Stephie R.]]
* [[User:Jennifer Borchert| Jenny]]
* [[User:Anna P.| Anna P.]] 

=== Short Description of the Topic ===

An implicature is anything that is inferred from an utterance but that is not a condition for the truth of the utterance, or as the [http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/implicature?q=implicature OED] defines it a " meaning beyond the literal sense of what is explicitly stated".

For example, if we take the following short dialogue:

A: Can you tell me the time? 
B: Well, the milkman has come. 
(Levinson, 1997, p.107)

It may at first seem that speaker B's answer has no relevance to speaker A's question. However, speaker B is in fact implying more than he or she actually says. Both speakers obviously share knowledge about the time at which the milkman normally comes and therefore Speaker B is actually suggesting that it is possible to calculate the approximate time from the fact the milkman has come. Speaker A is able to infer this information from speaker B's answer.

The implicature could be something like +> No, I don't have the exact time, but the milkman has aready come and he normally comes at 9:00, so it must be some time shortly after 9:00.

This is an example of a (particularized) conversational implicature, however there are a number of different types of implicatures. Below is a brief overview:

* Conversational implicatures
** Generalized conversational implicatures
** Particularized conversational implicatures
*Scalar implicatures
*Conventional implicatures
*Potential implicature
*Actual implicature 
 
Students often have difficulties distinguishing between [[Glossary:Implicature| implicatures]], [[Glossary:presupposition| presuppositions]] and [[Glossary:entailment| entailments]].Click on each word for a brief definition. 
Would you like to know more about implicatures? If so, please click [http://prezi.com/j0e85-li2vad/implicatures/ here] to view our Prezi presentation on implicatures 

== References and Links ==

==== References ====

*Bieswanger, Markus & Annette Becker (2006): Introduction to English Linguistics (2nd edition). Tübingen and Basel: A. Francke Verlag.
*Grice, Paul (1975): Logic and conversation. In P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds): Syntax and Semantics 3, 41-58. New York: Academic Press.
*Levinson, Stephen C (1983): Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Yule, George (1996): Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

==== Links ====

* [http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/implicature?q=implicature Definition of implicature from the Oxford English Dictionary]
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/implicature/ Definition and detailed explanation from the Stanford Encylopedia of Philosophy]
* [http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/semantics.htm#6 Definition from Universal Teacher]
* [http://www.glottopedia.de/index.php/Implicature Glottopedia Entry on Implicature] 
 

= Our E-learning Objects =

== Our Glossary Entries ==

in the [[Basic Glossary]]:
* [[Glossary:Connotation| connotation]]
* [[Glossary:extension| extension]]
* [[Glossary:Idiom| idiom]]
* [[Glossary:Implicature| implicature]]
* [[Glossary:Meronymy| meronymy]] 

== Our Prezi Presentation ==

See our [http://prezi.com/j0e85-li2vad/implicatures/ Prezi] for an overview of some of the main topics of implicatures, including:
*Grice's theory of implicatures (the cooperative principle and the maxims)
*(Particularized) conversational implicatures
*Conventional implicatures
*Scalar implicatures.
*Characteristic properties of implicatures
*Tests for implicatures 
 

== Our Podcast ==

<mediaplayer>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUtSBL3wWZ0&feature=youtu.be</mediaplayer> 

'''Group 4 - The 5 Characteristic Properties of Implicatures''' 

Voice-over: Jenny 
Editing: Anna P., Stephanie C., Stephie R. 
References: Levinson, Stephen C (1997): ''Pragmatics''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
Music: by Dan-O at [http://www.DanoSongs.com DanoSongs.com]
 
 

== Our Online Excercises ==

=== Exercise I===
According to Grice's theory of conversational implicature, there are four basic maxims which specify how to be cooperative in conversation: '''Quantity, Manner, Quality''' and '''Relation'''. Grice believed that implicatures arise when these maxims are blatantly flouted and the speaker (relying on an assumption of cooperation) is forced to infer meaning. 

Which of the four maxims are flouted the five dialogues below?

(Take a look at our [http://prezi.com/j0e85-li2vad/implicatures/ Prezi presentation] if you need help with the maxims.) 

To see the solution, simply mark the line behind 'Maxim violated' under every dialogue.

a) Mom: What did you think of Junior’s childish behavior last night?
Dad: Well, boys will be boys

Maxim flouted: QUANTITY (though some of you might prefer MANNER)

b) Student A: Do you like Linguistics?
Student B: Well, let’s just say I don’t jump for joy before class.

Maxim flouted: MANNER

c) Teacher A: Do you have any rude students this semester?
Teacher B: All students are rude.

Maxim violated: QUALITY

d) Student: I was absent on Monday - did I miss anything important?
Teacher: Oh no, of course not, we never do anything important in class.

Maxim flouted: QUALITY

e) Student A: (while waiting for class to begin) Isn’t Professor X a jerk?
Student B: Uh, It really is a nice day out, isn’t it?

Maxim flouted: RELATION 
 

===Exercise II===
Common examples of implicatures can be found in figures of speech such as '''Irony, Sarcasm, Hyperbole''' or '''Metaphor'''. Look at the pictures below and decide which of the figures of speech apply: 

To see the solution, simply mark the line behind the word 'solution' under every picture.

a) [[File:Exercise picture 1.JPG|300px]]

'''Solution: HYPERBOLE'''

b) [[File:Exercise picture 2.JPG|300px]]

'''Solution: IRONY'''

c) [[File:Exercise picture 3.JPG|300px]]

'''Solution: METAPHOR'''

d) [[File:Exercise picture 4.JPG|300px]]

'''Solution: SARCASM '''
 

===Exercise III===
This exercise deals with Scalar Implicatures. A linguistic scale consists of a set of linguistic
alternates, or contrastive expressions of the same grammatical category, which can be arranged in
a linear order by degree of informativeness or semantic strength.
Put the following sentences in the right order. Start with the sentence which contains the strongest
quantifier. 

Again, to see the solution, simply mark the lines under the word 'solution'. 

All of the boys went to the party.

Some of the boys went to the party.

Most of the boys went to the party.

A few of the boys went to the party.

Many of the boys went to the party

'''Solution:''' 
All of the boys went to the party. 

Most of the boys went to the party. 

Many of the boys went to the party. 

Some of the boys went to the party. 

A few of the boys went to the party. 
--------

== Our Pictures ==

<gallery>
File:Frankfurt.jpg|Beautiful Frankfurt - Anna P.
File:StephanieC.jpg|Stephanie C
File:Eule mit Tusche.jpg|Owl Illustration - Stephie R.
File:JenniferBorchert.jpg|Jenny
File:Exercise picture 1.JPG|a
File:Exercise picture 2.JPG|b
File:Exercise picture 3.JPG|c
File:Exercise picture 4.JPG|d
</gallery>

NMTS-Group4

2013-04-05T13:17:29Z

Slc: /* Short Description of the Topic */

{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}

= Group 4 - Implicatures =

== Overview ==

=== Members ===

* [[User:Slc| Stephanie C.]]
* [[User:Stephie R.| Stephie R.]]
* [[User:Jennifer Borchert| Jenny]]
* [[User:Anna P.| Anna P.]] 

=== Short Description of the Topic ===

An implicature is anything that is inferred from an utterance but that is not a condition for the truth of the utterance, or as the [http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/implicature?q=implicature OED] defines it a " meaning beyond the literal sense of what is explicitly stated".

For example, if we take the following short dialogue:

A: Can you tell me the time? 
B: Well, the milkman has come. 
(Levinson, 1997, p.107)

It may at first seem that speaker B's answer has no relevance to speaker A's question. However, speaker B is in fact implying more than he or she actually says. Both speakers obviously share knowledge about the time at which the milkman normally comes and therefore Speaker B is actually suggesting that it is possible to calculate the approximate time from the fact the milkman has come. Speaker A is able to infer this information from speaker B's answer.

The implicature could be something like +> No, I don't have the exact time, but the milkman has aready come and he normally comes at 9:00, so it must be some time shortly after 9:00.

This is an example of a (particularized) conversational implicature, however there are a number of different types of implicatures. Below is a brief overview:

* Conversational implicatures
** Generalized conversational implicatures
** Particularized conversational implicatures
*Scalar implicatures
*Conventional implicatures
*Potential implicature
*Actual implicature 
 
Students often have difficulties distinguishing between [[Glossary:Implicature| implicatures]], [[Glossary:presupposition| presuppositions]] and [[Glossary:entailment| entailments]].Click on each word for a brief definition. 
Would you like to know more about implicatures? If so, please click [http://prezi.com/j0e85-li2vad/implicatures/ here] to view our Prezi presentation on implicatures 

== References and Links ==

==== References ====

*Bieswanger, Markus & Annette Becker (2006): Introduction to English Linguistics (2nd edition). Tübingen and Basel: A. Francke Verlag.
*Grice, Paul (1975): Logic and conversation. In P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds): Syntax and Semantics 3, 41-58. New York: Academic Press.
*Levinson, Stephen C (1983): Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Yule, George (1996): Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

==== Links ====

* [http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/implicature?q=implicature Definition of implicature from the Oxford English Dictionary]
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/implicature/ Definition and detailed explanation from the Stanford Encylopedia of Philosophy]
* [http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/semantics.htm#6 Definition from Universal Teacher]
* [http://www.glottopedia.de/index.php/Implicature Glottopedia Entry on Implicature] 
 

= Our E-learning Objects =

== Our Glossary Entries ==

in the [[Basic Glossary]]:
* [[Glossary:Connotation| connotation]]
* [[Glossary:extension| extension]]
* [[Glossary:Idiom| idiom]]
* [[Glossary:Implicature| implicature]]
* [[Glossary:Meronymy| meronymy]] 

== Our Prezi Presentation ==

See our [http://prezi.com/j0e85-li2vad/implicatures/ Prezi] for an overview of some of the main topics of implicatures, including:
*Grice's theory of implicatures (the cooperative principle and the maxims)
*(Particularized) Conversational implicatures
*Conventional implicatures
*Scalar implicatures.
*Characteristic properties of implicatures
*Tests for implicatures 
 

== Our Podcast ==

<mediaplayer>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUtSBL3wWZ0&feature=youtu.be</mediaplayer> 

'''Group 4 - The 5 Characteristic Properties of Implicatures''' 

Voice-over: Jenny 
Editing: Anna P., Stephanie C., Stephie R. 
References: Levinson, Stephen C (1997): ''Pragmatics''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
Music: by Dan-O at [http://www.DanoSongs.com DanoSongs.com]
 
 

== Our Online Excercises ==

=== Exercise I===
According to Grice's theory of conversational implicature, there are four basic maxims which specify how to be cooperative in conversation: '''Quantity, Manner, Quality''' and '''Relation'''. Grice believed that implicatures arise when these maxims are blatantly flouted and the speaker (relying on an assumption of cooperation) is forced to infer meaning. 

Which of the four maxims are flouted the five dialogues below?

(Take a look at our [http://prezi.com/j0e85-li2vad/implicatures/ Prezi presentation] if you need help with the maxims.) 

To see the solution, simply mark the line behind 'Maxim violated' under every dialogue.

a) Mom: What did you think of Junior’s childish behavior last night?
Dad: Well, boys will be boys

Maxim flouted: QUANTITY (though some of you might prefer MANNER)

b) Student A: Do you like Linguistics?
Student B: Well, let’s just say I don’t jump for joy before class.

Maxim flouted: MANNER

c) Teacher A: Do you have any rude students this semester?
Teacher B: All students are rude.

Maxim violated: QUALITY

d) Student: I was absent on Monday - did I miss anything important?
Teacher: Oh no, of course not, we never do anything important in class.

Maxim flouted: QUALITY

e) Student A: (while waiting for class to begin) Isn’t Professor X a jerk?
Student B: Uh, It really is a nice day out, isn’t it?

Maxim flouted: RELATION 
 

===Exercise II===
Common examples of implicatures can be found in figures of speech such as '''Irony, Sarcasm, Hyperbole''' or '''Metaphor'''. Look at the pictures below and decide which of the figures of speech apply: 

To see the solution, simply mark the line behind the word 'solution' under every picture.

a) [[File:Exercise picture 1.JPG|300px]]

'''Solution: HYPERBOLE'''

b) [[File:Exercise picture 2.JPG|300px]]

'''Solution: IRONY'''

c) [[File:Exercise picture 3.JPG|300px]]

'''Solution: METAPHOR'''

d) [[File:Exercise picture 4.JPG|300px]]

'''Solution: SARCASM '''
 

===Exercise III===
This exercise deals with Scalar Implicatures. A linguistic scale consists of a set of linguistic
alternates, or contrastive expressions of the same grammatical category, which can be arranged in
a linear order by degree of informativeness or semantic strength.
Put the following sentences in the right order. Start with the sentence which contains the strongest
quantifier. 

Again, to see the solution, simply mark the lines under the word 'solution'. 

All of the boys went to the party.

Some of the boys went to the party.

Most of the boys went to the party.

A few of the boys went to the party.

Many of the boys went to the party

'''Solution:''' 
All of the boys went to the party. 

Most of the boys went to the party. 

Many of the boys went to the party. 

Some of the boys went to the party. 

A few of the boys went to the party. 
--------

== Our Pictures ==

<gallery>
File:Frankfurt.jpg|Beautiful Frankfurt - Anna P.
File:StephanieC.jpg|Stephanie C
File:Eule mit Tusche.jpg|Owl Illustration - Stephie R.
File:JenniferBorchert.jpg|Jenny
File:Exercise picture 1.JPG|a
File:Exercise picture 2.JPG|b
File:Exercise picture 3.JPG|c
File:Exercise picture 4.JPG|d
</gallery>