Lexical Resource Semantics - User contributions [en]

https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Ulrike Lexical Resource Semantics - User contributions [en] 2026-04-13T00:04:39Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.8 https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=NMTS-Group2&diff=4179 NMTS-Group2 2013-04-03T18:33:24Z

<p>Ulrike: /* Our podcasts */</p> <hr /> <div>{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}<br /> <br /> (Back to the [[NMTS_Meeting_2#Groups|group overview]])<br /> <br /> = Wikipage of Group 2 =<br /> <br /> === Comments by the NMTS team ===<br /> <br /> * Whiteboard Material fehlt<br /> * Glossary entry: Homophony: complete bibliogr. reference; <br /> * Glossary entry: Contradiction: complete bibliogr. reference; definition - maybe alter for a slightly better wording. Instead of "A relationship between sentences wherein the truth of one sentence requires the falsity of another sentence." -> "A relationship between TWO sentences wherein the truth of one sentence requires the falsity of THE other sentence."<br /> <br /> == Overview ==<br /> <br /> === Members ===<br /> * [[User:Anna| Anna]]<br /> * [[User:Katarzyna| Katarzyna]]<br /> * [[User:VerenaS| Verena]]<br /> * [[User:Ulrike| Ulrike]]<br /> <br /> === Short description of the topic ===<br /> Our aim is to enlighten the subject of semantic relations. What is a synonym? How can we distinguish polysemy and homonymy? Why are ''alive'' and ''dead'' complements and not truly antonyms? Those are the questions we want to answer by producing guides and excercises for future students and all those who never understood semantic relations.<br /> <br /> == References and links ==<br /> <br /> === References ===<br /> <br /> <br /> * Cann, R.; Ruth Kempson; Eleni Gregoromichelaki (2009). ''Semantics - an introduction to meaning in language.'' Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.<br /> * Murphy, M. Lynne. (2003). ''Semantic relations and the lexicon : antonymy, synonymy and other paradigms.'' Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.<br /> * Lyons, J. (1983). ''Semantik 2.'' München: Beck.<br /> <br /> === Links ===<br /> * [[Glossary:Homophony|'''homophony''']]<br /> * [[Glossary:contradiction|'''contradiction''']]<br /> * [[Glossary:Complementarity|'''complementarity''']]<br /> * [[Glossary:Antonym|'''antonymy''']]<br /> * [[Glossary:Ambiguity|'''ambiguity''']]<br /> * [[Glossary:Homograph|'''homograph''']] <br /> * [[Glossary:Homonym|'''homonym''']] <br /> * [[Glossary:Homophony|'''homophony''']]<br /> * [[Glossary:Hyponym|'''hyponym''']]<br /> * [[Glossary:Heteronym|'''heteronym''']]<br /> * [[Glossary:Hypernym|'''hypernym''']]<br /> * [[Glossary:Meronymy|'''meronymy''']]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> * [http://www.generalsemantics.org/the-general-semantics-learning-center/online-library/ General Semantics Learning Center]<br /> * [http://www.iva.dk/bh/lifeboat_ko/CONCEPTS/semantic_relations.htm A general overview, granted by Det Informationsvidenskabelige Akademi]<br /> * [http://wordnet.princeton.edu/wordnet WordNet, granted by the Princeton Univesity (By clicking on 'browser', you have access to a highly dense database of English words, all saved with a full descirption of their semantic relation)]<br /> * [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:R0w5v3AX6AAJ:citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.78.3207%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf+&hl=de&gl=de&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgYPzXUmcUVgkYs9xooiuBtSsxzBHUkpEj41EH_Kj4xikKg1Zbu65ZPXWlVhrrylOFDM8QTfh3Wx_Dh7RhvxfgdNXtrtAC45ABfEokMZyIP6W5lrtwpUKLNSoxZgzr83AKyNFYk&sig=AHIEtbRWCUU1M7MkujPK8FGFBQjN5uuuNQ Understanding Semantic Relations by Veda C. Storey]<br /> <br /> === Links with non-scientific background (please handle with care) ===<br /> * [http://www.synonym.com/antonym/ Antonym Finder, can also be used for synonyms and definitions]<br /> * [http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/synonyms-antonyms.htm A good page to illustrate the difference between synonym and antonyms (with examples)]<br /> <br /> = Our e-learning objects =<br /> <br /> == Our wiki pages ==<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Homophony|homophony (definition in Basic Glossary)]]<br /> * [[Glossary:contradiction|contradiction (definition in Basic Glossary)]]<br /> * [[Glossary:Complementarity|complementarity (definition in Basic Glossary)]]<br /> * [[Glossary:Hypernym|hypernym (definition in Basic Glossary)]]<br /> * [[Glossary:Ancillary_Antonymy|Ancillary Antonymy (definition in Basic Glossary)]]<br /> * [[Glossary:Comparative_Antonymy|Comparative Antonymy (definition in Basic Glossary)]]<br /> * [[Glossary:Coordinated_Antonymy|Coordinated Antonymy (definition in Basic Glossary)]]<br /> * [[Glossary:Distinguished_Antonymy|Distinguished Antonymy (definition in Basic Glossary)]]<br /> * [[Glossary:Interrogative_Antonymy|Interrogative Antonymy (definition in Basic Glossary)]]<br /> * [[Glossary:Negated_Antonymy|Negated Antonymy (definition in Basic Glossary)]]<br /> * [[Glossary:Transitional_Antonymy|Transitional Antonymy (definition in Basic Glossary)]]<br /> * [[Glossary:Residual_Antonyms|Residual Antonyms (definition in Basic Glossary)]]<br /> * [[Syllogism|Syllogism]]<br /> * [[Antonymy|Antonymy]]<br /> <br /> == Our podcasts ==<br /> <br /> <mediaplayer>http://youtu.be/ti57MJN9Qio/mediaplayer><br /> <br/><br /> Three minutes about '''homonymy''': Definition, differences between homophones and homographs and some short examples to test your knowledge. Can you give the correct answer on every question?<br /> <br /> <br/><br /> '''Background music:''' ''Yann Tiersen - Comptine d'un autre été''<br /> <br /> == Our materials for an interactive whiteboard ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Our pictures ==<br /> <br /> <gallery><br /> File:Anna.jpg|Anna<br /> File:Katarzyna.jpg|Katarzyna<br /> File:VerenaSinkel.jpg|Verena<br /> File:UlrikeH.jpg|Ulrike<br /> <br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> =Test yourself=<br /> <br /> The following questions are all about certain category groups within basic semantic relation - either between words or between sentences. Choose your answer wisely as more than one answer could be correct. Good luck!<br /> <br /> ==Part 1 - Homophones==<br /> <br /> '''Which of the following pairs are homophones? Click on the alphabetic character to check your answers and remember, multiple choice question means that there ''can be more than one'' right answer.'''<br/><br /> <br /> [[Homophones1a| a]]) bight ''(curve in a coastline)'' - byte (unit of memory size)<br/><br /> [[Homophones1b| b]]) bear ''(animal)'' – beer ''(alcoholic drink)'' <br/><br /> [[Homophones1c| c]]) haw ''(fruit)''- hoar ''(venerable)''<br/><br /> [[Homophones1d| d]]) fawn ''(colour)'' – fawn ''(little roe deer)'' <br/><br /> [[Homophones1e| e]]) read ''(present tense)'' - ''read (past tense)''<br/><br /> [[Homophones1f| f]]) heal ''(to cure)'' - he’ll ''(short form of he will)''<br/><br /> <br/><br /> '''Now it's getting a bit hairier. Same question but the answers are not that easy any more...'''<br/><br /> [[Homophones2a| a]]) personal pronoun - part of your face<br/><br /> [[Homophones2b| b]]) to bend down - ribbon<br/><br /> [[Homophones2c| c]]) to clean very intensely - someone from Poland<br/><br /> [[Homophones2d| d]]) past tense of 'to eat' – one-digit number <br/><br /> [[Homophones2e| e]]) sound of a dog – skin of a tree<br/><br /> [[Homophones2f| f]]) nearby - to shut<br/><br /> <span style="color:#D06B12">Comment: I like the audio examples in your solutions!</span><br /> <br /> ==Part 2 - Antonyms and Synonyms==<br /> '''In this section, you have to choose which word is a synonym or antonym of the above. As you're doing a multiple-choice test, please remember that more than one answer could be correct. Good luck!'''<br/><br /> <br/><br /> <br/><br /> '''1.a) Which answer is a correct synonym for 'ambassador'?'''<br/><br /> [[Synonyms1a| a]]) revolt<br/><br /> [[Synonyms1b| b]]) combatant<br/><br /> [[Synonyms1c| c]]) refugee<br/><br /> [[Synonyms1d| d]]) general<br/><br /> [[Synonyms1e| e]]) representative<br/><br /> <br/><br /> <br/><br /> '''1.b) Which is the best antonym match for 'competition'?'''<br/><br /> [[Antonyms1a| a]]) contest<br/><br /> [[Antonyms1b| b]]) unification<br/><br /> [[Antonyms1c| c]]) cooperation<br/><br /> [[Antonyms1d| d]]) team<br/><br /> [[Antonyms1e| e]]) sport<br/><br /> <br/><br /> <br/><br /> '''2.a) Which answer is a correct synonym for 'reverie'?'''<br/><br /> [[Synonyms2a| a]]) palimpsest<br/><br /> [[Synonyms2b| b]]) phantom<br/><br /> [[Synonyms2c| c]]) daydream<br/><br /> [[Synonyms2d| d]]) curio<br/><br /> [[Synonyms2e| e]]) arbitrator<br/><br /> <br/><br /> <br/><br /> '''2.b) Which is the best antonym match for 'mite'?'''<br/><br /> [[Antonyms2a| a]]) weakness<br/><br /> [[Antonyms2b| b]]) tend<br/><br /> [[Antonyms2c| c]]) bulk<br/><br /> [[Antonyms2d| d]]) drive<br/><br /> [[Antonyms2e| e]]) spider<br/><br /> <br/><br /> <br/><br /> '''3.a) Which answer is a correct synonym for 'result'?'''<br/><br /> [[Synonyms3a| a]]) decision<br/><br /> [[Synonyms3b| b]]) cause<br/><br /> [[Synonyms3c| c]]) outcome<br/><br /> [[Synonyms3d| d]]) data<br/><br /> [[Synonyms3e| e]]) grade<br/><br /> <br/><br /> <br/><br /> '''3.b) Which is the best antonym match for 'reality'?'''<br/><br /> [[Antonyms3a| a]]) dream<br/><br /> [[Antonyms3b| b]]) play<br/><br /> [[Antonyms3c| c]]) reaction<br/><br /> [[Antonyms3d| d]]) fiction<br/><br /> [[Antonyms3e| e]]) fantasy<br/><br /> <br/><br /> <br /> ==Part 3 - Relations between sentences==<br /> <br /> '''This time, your task is a bit more based on your personal knowledge of semantics. You get 8 sentences, each part of a special kind of semantic relation. Can you describe the semantic relationship expressed by each of the following sentences? For the solutions, mark the following paragraph (which is seemingly empty) with your mouse. <br/><br /> <br /> ''(Hint: 3x contradiction, 3x entailment, and 2 paraphrase)''<br/><br /> <br/><br /> <br/><br /> 1. My brother married a doctor. My male sibling joined in wedlock with a physician. <br/><br /> <br /> <span style="color:white"> paraphrase, '''Easy one, right?'''<br/><br /> The last sentence contains all the information of the first one; you only have to translate it into colloquial English. I told you, that it wasn’t so complicated! </span> <br/><br /> <br /> 2. Vera has only one dog. Vera’s dogs are called Bert and Oscar. <br/><br /> <br /> <span style="color:white"> '''Great!''' This is contradiction. </span> <br/><br /> <br /> <br /> 3. My husband keeps forgetting things. Thank God I'm a widow.<br/><br /> <br /> <span style="color:white"> '''''Did you know it?'''''<br/><br /> Of course, one cannot be a widow and at the same time complain about your husband still forgetting things. As long as you're not stuck in time and believe your deceased hsuband to be still alive, these sentences '''contradict each other''', right? </span> <br/><br /> <br /> 4. Jane ate a piece of chicken. Jane ate a piece of poultry.<br/><br /> <br /> <span style="color:white"> '''''Found the answer?<br/>'''''<br /> Well, it wasn't that hard as you already had one example of '''entailment'''. ''Chicken'' is just a '''subcategory''' of ''poultry'', therefore Jane does not have any chance to not eat poultry when she enjoys a nice piece of chicken. Absolute impossible! </span> <br/><br /> <br /> 5. Vera is an only child. Olga is Vera’s sister. <br/><br /> <br /> <span style="color:white"> '''''Strike!'''''<br/><br /> Another '''contradiction'''! You knew this before, right? Okay, let us summon it up: If you have a sister, you cannot be an only child. </span> <br/><br /> <br /> 6. I saw Mary at the anniversary party. It was Mary that I saw at the anniversary party.<br/><br /> <br /> <span style="color:white"> '''''Another light question, don't you think?<br/>'''''<br /> The second sentence is the paraphrase of the first one. We just change the active sentence into the passive one! </span> <br/><br /> <br /> <br /> 7. Othello killed Desdemona. Desdemona died.<br/><br /> <br /> <span style="color:white"> '''''What's your result?'''''<br/><br /> For us, that's an '''entailment''' as the death of Desdemona is only an effect of Othello killing her. One sentence causes the other, correct? </span> <br/></div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=NMTS-InferencePage&diff=2169 NMTS-InferencePage 2012-12-03T23:35:03Z

<p>Ulrike: /* Dialogue by User:Ulrike */</p> <hr /> <div>{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}<br /> <br /> = Homework of November 27 =<br /> <br /> == Task ==<br /> <br /> Come up with or report a short dialogue and use it to illustrate:<br /> # one entailment<br /> # one presupposition (what is the trigger? what kind of presupposition is it?)<br /> # one implicature (what kind of implicature is it? show the calculation by applying the maxims in the case of conversational implicatures)<br /> <br /> = Dialogues =<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Manfred]] ==<br /> <br /> The following passage is taken from David Mitchell ''Cloud Atlas'', London: Sceptre, 2004, p.33f.<br><br /> (Comment: this is not a real dialogue, but the text is clear enough so that it is easy to see what has been said in the described situtation.)<br /> <br /> # Along the gangway I stepped (''Prophetess'' was bucking like a <br><br /> # young bronco) to the officers' mess, knocked & entered. Mr<br><br /> # Roderick & Mr Boerhaave were listening to Cpt. Molyneux. I<br><br /> # cleared my throat and bade all good morning, at which our ami-<br><br /> # cable captain swore, `You can better my morning by b-ing<br> <br /> # off, instanter!´<br /> #<br /> # Coolly, I asked ''when'' the captain might find time to hear news<br><br /> # of an Indian stowaway who had just emerged from the coils of<br><br /> # hawser taking up my `so-called cabin´. During the ensuing silence<br><br /> # Cpt. Molyneux's pale, horny-toad complexion turned roast beef<br><br /> # pink. Ere his blast was launched, I added the stowaway claimed<br><br /> # to be an able-seaman & begged to work his passage.<br /> <br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> Line 4: ''I bade all good morning'' entails ''I said something''<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> Lines 8/9: ''hear news of an Indian stowaway ...''. Presupposes: ''there is an Indian stowaway ...''.<br><br /> Type of presuppostion: factive<br><br /> Note 1: it is remarkable that in this case the presupposition projects over a modal (''might'') and an embedded question (''when ...'').<br><br /> Note 2: the factive presupposition with ''hear'' is not as strong as with ''know'', ''realize'' or the other predicates discussed in class.<br><br /> Note 3: In line 12, the verb ''claim'' is used. Its complement clause's content (''the stowaway is an able-seamben'') is not presupposed.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature:'''<br /> Lines 10: ''my so-called cabin''. Implicature: ''my cabin is not a proper cabin (because of all the stored hawser)''<br /> <br><br /> Type of implicature: particularized conversational implicature.<br><br /> Calculation: The maxim of manner seems to be flouted (''be brief'') by the apperantly superfluous ''so-called''. The addressee understands that the speaker wants to communicate more than just saying that the stowaway was in his cabin. The attribute ''so-called'' indicates that the object does not fully satisfy the criteria of what would count as a real cabin.<br /> <br /> '''Add your dialogue below'''<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Anna P.]] ==<br /> <br /> Taken from The Big Bang Theory, Season 6 Episode 4 "The Re-Entry Minimization". <br><br /> <br /> #'''Howard:''' Hey Ma, twinkle twinkle! You’re little star is home!<br /> #(Tries to open the door, but fails) Ma, the chain is on the door!<br /> #'''Howard's Mom:''' Howard? I thought I don’t get to see you until tomorrow.<br /> #'''Howard:''' Yeah well, Bearny is not feeling well so I thought I stop by.<br /> #Tell you about the greatest adventure of my life. <br /> #See if you can make me feel bad about it.<br /> #'''His Mom:''' Oh ok, hold on. I’m not decent. <br /> #'''Howard:''' Alright. (To himself) Woman hasn’t tied her robe in 20 years <br /> #suddenly she is not decent. <br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' Want me to hide in the closet or go out the back?<br /> #'''Howard’s Mom:''' Shhhh… you need to whisper!<br /> #'''Howard:''' Ma, who’s in there?<br /> #'''Howard’s Mom:''' Ah no body… the TV is on.<br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' I only got one sock. Where is my other sock?<br /> #'''Howard:''' Who is it?<br /> #'''Howard’s Mom:''' I told you it’s the TV. James Leno lost his sock, <br /> #It’s hilarious. <br /> #'''Howard:''' If you’re busy, I can come back.<br /> #'''Howard’s Mom:''' Just gimme a second! (To Mr. Schneider) Go go go!!<br /> #(Dr. Schneider climbs out of the window. Howard catches him)<br /> #'''Howard:''' Dr. Schneider?<br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' Oh… (as if nothing had happen) Hello, Howard!<br /> #'''Howard:''' What are you doing here?<br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' Uhm, house call!<br /> #'''Howard:''' You’re a dentist!<br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' Yes, yes I am. (Turning toward the house, yelling at<br /> #Howard’s Mom) I think he’s on to us!<br /> <br><br /> '''Entailment:'''<br><br /> Line 7: ''I'm not decent.'' entails that Howard's mom needs to dress first before she can attend to her son.<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br><br /> Line 6: ''See if you can make me feel bad about it.'' presupposes that his mother usually is giving Howard a hard time.<br><br /> Type of presupposition: factive.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature:'''<br><br /> Line 8/9: ''Woman hasn’t tied her robe in 20 years suddenly she is not decent.'' Particularized conversational implicature. Seems to violate the maxim of relevance but still inference is made due to the fact that Howard's utterance is highly ironical, even sarcastic.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Lorena]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. '''Tim:''' "Why didn´t you come to John´s party last Saturday night? <br/><br /> 2. Most of our friends were there." <br/><br /> 3. '''Kevin:''' "Well, if I hadn´t had to pick my parents from the airport... <br/><br /> 4. I heavily regret that I couldn´t be there." <br/><br /> 5. '''Tim:''' "I see. Your parents were on holiday, I guess." <br/><br /> 6. '''Kevin:''' " Yes, exactly." <br/><br /> <br/><br /> 1. '''''structural presupposition:''''' Tim presupposes that the Kevin knows that there was a party on the particular place and time mentionend. This part of information is assumed to be true, so he can ask a question that contains these given facts. <br/><br /> <br/><br /> 2. '''''scalar implicature:''''' Tim expresses how many friends there were at the party. He implicates that there were more than many, but less than all friends there.<br/><br /> '''''entailment:''''' If Tim´s first sentence is true, than his second one is also true; i.e. If there was a party and he went there, it is likely that he also met friends there. <br/><br /> <br/><br /> 3. '''''counterfactual presupposition:''''' The opposite of Kevin´s utterance is true - he had to pick his parents from the airport. <br/><br /> Furthermore, his utterance serves as an explanation for his absence and implicates that if he hadn´t had to fetch them, he would have been at the party.<br/><br /> <br/><br /> 4. '''''factive presupposition:''''' The verb ''regret'' emphasizes the fact of his absence. But it also expresses that he could have been there. <br/><br /> <br/><br /> 5. '''''hedge''''' (I guess) concerning the maxim of quality of the cooperative principle: Tim conveys that he is not quite sure if his friend´s parents were abroad. The usage of this cautious note indicates that his inference might not be accurate.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Lisa]]==<br /> <br /> # Lisa and Verena are chatting during a lecture. <br><br /> # Lisa says: "I really regret havig taken this course." <br><br /> # Verena nodds and asks: "How is your dog?" <br><br /> # "Oh she is fine. But yesterday she drove me crazy. <br><br /> # She chased a cat and ran into a garden!"<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> <br /> Line 1: <br><br /> Lisa is talking. <br> Verena is talking.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> <br /> Line 2: "I regret having taken this course" presupposes that Lisa took the course. The presupposed information following the verb "regret" can be treated as a fact. Therefore, it is a factive presuppostion.<br /> <br /> Line 3: "How is your dog" presupposes that Lisa has a dog. Explanation as in 2.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Implicature:'''<br /> <br /> Line 5: "...chased a cat and ran into a garden!" Implicature: It was not Lisa´s cat or garden. She does not know to whom both belongs. Here, no special knowledge is required in the context to calculate the additional conveyed meaning. If Lisa was capable of being more specific she would have said "my garden/cat" or " the garden/cat of xy" (following the maxim of quantity). Therefore, it is a generalized conversational implicature.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:AnKa]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. '''A:''' We have many teachers in our school. <br/><br /> 2. '''B:''' Is there a male English teacher at your school? <br/><br /> 3. '''A:''' The class next door has a male teacher. <br/><br /> <br /> <br /> Line 1:<br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> A has at least some teachers in her/his school.<br /> <br /> Line 2:<br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> Either there is a male English teacher at the school or there isn’t. It is a question.<br /> <br /> Line 3:<br /> '''Implicature'''<br /> Conversational Implicature: Maxim of Quality. The Speaker does not want to give a precise answer because he might be uncertain. <br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Moonhwa9113]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. '''Tom:''' “Good morning Mary, did you sleep well?” <br/><br /> 2. '''Mary:''' “Not really. I dreamt I was a rat. It was awful” <br/><br /> 3. '''Tom:''' “This might sound odd but I think I heard you squeaking last night.” <br/><br /> <br /> <br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> Line 1 entails that Mary had been sleeping.<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> In line 2 Mary explains she dreamt she was a rat which proves she isn’t in real-life. Hence it forms a non-factive presupposition.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature'''<br /> In line 3 we see that the speaker Tom hedges (maxim of quality) while he carefully admits to have heard Mary squeaking but is either not sure or simply does not want to embarrass her. <br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Elisabeth.krall]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. Tom: How did you like the concert?<br /> <br /> 2. Tim: I don’t know. I was not really getting into the flow of those reggae beats.<br /> <br /> 3. Tom: Oh, I can see your point. But still I do not regret having bought those over-priced tickets. <br /> <br /> 4. Tim: Yeah, me neither. The tonality was neither in the Aeolian mode nor in Ionic as I expected it to be for I play reggae myself and the guitar chords would have sounded a lot better openly than in power chords and the bass guitar always emphasized the forth and the seventh instead of the third and the quint, though.<br /> <br /> 5. Tom: Ohhh… yes, if you say so.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Factive Presupposition:''' “I do not regret having bought those over – priced tickets” (3); the sentence presupposes that Tom bought over-priced tickets.<br /> <br /> '''Entailment:''' “I was not really getting into the flow of those reggae beats” (2); the remark entails that Tom was not able to fully feel the rhythm and the atmosphere of the reggae music played at the concert; therefore, he was not able to “identify” with the music<br /> <br /> '''Implicature''': remark 4; Tom violates the Maxim of Manner; he is not brief and does not avoid unnecessary prolixity <br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Anna]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. ''Mary and Peter are eating breakfast and talking.'' <br/><br /> 2. '''Peter:''' Did you go to an interview yesterday? <br/><br /> 3. '''Mary:''' The timing belt broke. <br/><br /> 4. I did not manage to go there. <br/><br /> 5. '''Peter:''' oh..., Can you pass the salt? <br/><br /> <br /> '''Entailment: (1)''' Both Mary and Peter are eating breakfast. <br/><br /> <br /> '''Presupposition: (3)''' ''Structural presupposition:'' The timing belt broke- Mary did not go to an interview. <br/><br /> '''(4)''' ''Lexical presupposition:'' She didn’t manage to go there- She was not there.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature: (5)''' ''Conversational implicature:'' Peter wants Mary to pass him salt.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User: Anna Böcher]] ==<br /> The following dialogue is an excerpt taken from „Pygmalion“ by Bernard Shaw.<br /> Professor Higgins and Colonel Pickering are discussing how to treat the flower girl Eliza, who should be taught in proper English by Higgins. <br/><br /> <br /> 1 '''PICKERING:''' Doesn't it occur to you, Higgins, that the girl has some feelings? <br/><br /> 2 '''HIGGINS:''' Oh no, I don't think so. Not any feelings that we need bother about. <br/><br /> 3 Have you, Eliza? <br/><br /> 4 '''ELIZA:''' I got my feelings same as anyone else. <br/><br /> 5 '''HIGGINS:''' You see the difficulty? <br/><br /> 6 '''PICKERING:''' Eh? What difficulty? <br/><br /> 7 '''HIGGINS:''' To get her talk grammar. The mere pronunciation is easy enough. <br/><br /> 8 '''ELIZA:''' I don't want to talk grammar. I want to talk like a lady in a flower-shop. <br/><br /> <br /> '''Entailment:''' The second sentence in line 8 entails that she doesn't talk like a lady in a flower-shop yet. <br/><br /> '''Presupposition:''' Eliza's statement in line 4 is a ''factive presupposition'', as it presupposes that anyone else has feelings. <br/><br /> '''Implicature:''' The question about Eliza's feelings in line 1 is a ''scalar implicature''. Pickering asks whether Higgins thinks that Eliza has some feelings, which implicates that she has feelings but not many. <br/><br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Leo]] ==<br /> <br /> Two really old people, they might be your own grandparents, maybe just a couple years older, talk to each other. The husbands name is Kurt. Liselotte is his wife. <br /> <br /> K: Have you seen Gretel in the last couple of days? You haven‘t been out much. Getting too old, eh? <br/><br /> L: She‘s in hospital. Have you forgotten again? She broke her leg. Do you ever listen to me? <br/><br /> K: I listen to you almost all the time. The pain in your back, your friends, your grandchildren, your cooking shows. And who listens to me? <br/><br /> <br /> '''Entailment:''' “Have you seen Gretel in the last couple of days?“ entails that someone called Gretel exists and both Kurt and Liselotte know her. <br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:''' “Have you forgotten again?“ presupposes that the couple has talked about Gretel‘s stay in hospital more than once before and Kurt has at least once forgotten about it. This is a lexical presupposition. <br /> <br /> '''Implicature:''' “I listen to you almost all the time“ implicates that Kurt does not listen to Liselotte every time she says something. This is a scalar implicature. Here, the maxim of quality seems to be slightly violated because he most likely listens even less than stated. <br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Ulrike]]==<br /> <br /> #Ben: I want to be in London right now walking along the South Bank.<br /> #Kate: Oh, that’s funny! My best friend Jake just took off to London visiting some friends yesterday. <br /> #Ben: Really? That is not fair! In which part of London do his friends live? <br /> #Kate: Well, I think they live in Hammersmith, but I am not sure.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> <br /> Line 2: <br><br /> Entailment: Kate has got a friend called Jake and he is in London. Jake has got other friends who live in London. <br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> <br /> Line 1: <br><br /> Non-factive Presupposition: Ben is not in London at that time. <br /> <br /> '''Impliciture:'''<br /> <br /> Line 4: <br><br /> Implicature: Kate does not know exactly in which part of London Jake’s friends live.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Marc M]]==<br /> <br /> 1 '''Queen E II and Prince P sit in front of the TV enjoying a glass of wine'''<br /> <br /> 2 ''Weatherman'': „It's the 4th August 2012 and the outlook is splendid. Light summer rain and 12 degrees Celsius. A perfect English summer day … ”<br /> <br /> 3 ''Queen E II'': I dreamed my mother were still alive last night. If she hadn't drunk that much gin, she could still be here...<br /> <br /> 4 ''Prince P'': Well my dear, when was your mother born?<br /> <br /> 5 ''Queen E II'': On this very same day in 1900 as you very well know. I regret not having stopped her drinking.<br /> <br /> 6 ''Prince P'': There you are – She would have been 112 years old by now.<br /> <br /> 7 ''Queen E II'': Still – she might have been with us a little longer.<br /> <br /> 8 ''Prince P:'' Anyway darling, talking about age: let's enjoy this vintage. It's matured to perfection and I guess a glass of it won't hurt us.<br /> <br /> '''entailment''' <br><br /> Line 1: Queen E II and Prince P own some wine and at least one glass. (Probably much more than that ;-) )<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition''' <br><br /> Line 3: Non-factive presupposition: "I dreamed my mother were still alive last night" (>> Her mother is not with them) <br /> <br /> Line 3: Counterfactual presupposition: "If she hadn't drunk that much gin" (>> She has drunk that much gin)<br /> <br /> '''implicature''' <br><br /> Line 8: Hedge: "I guess a glass of it won't hurt us" (note regarding the accuracy/quality of the statement)<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Slc]] ==<br /> <br /> The following pages are taken from American Born Chinese by Gene Luen Yang, pp.38-9<br><br /> <br /> #Wei-Chen: ...EH...WE- B- BE FRIEND?<br /> #Yin: I HAVE ENOUGH FRIENDS<br /> #Wei-Chen: ...SORRY? REPEAT, PLEASE?<br /> #Yin: '''I HAVE ENOUGH FRIENDS'''<br /> #Wei-Chen: ...EH...WHO?<br /> #Yin: THEM.<br /> #Wei-Chen: OH.<br /> #Wei-Chen: *SIGH*<br /> #Yin: <WHAT IS THAT?><br /> #Wei-Chen: <A TOY ROBOT.><br /> #Wei-Chen: <HE CAN CHANGE INTO A ROBOT MONKEY><br /> #Wei-Chen: <MY FATHER GAVE IT TO ME JUST BEFORE I LEFT. AS A GOOD-BYE PRESENT.>*<br /> <br /> &lowast; In this text, pointed brackets are used to signal that the dialogue is in another language.<br /> <br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> <br /> Line 12 has a number of background entailments. Including:<br /> <br /> 12 <br /> a. Wei-Chen has a Father<br /> b. Wei-Chen was given something<br /> c. Wei-Chen and his Father said good-bye to one another.<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> <br /> In line 12, there is a structural presupposition: "MY FATHER GAVE IT TO ME JUST BEFORE I LEFT". This presupposes that he left somewhere.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature:'''<br /> <br /> The implicature in lines 2 & 4 "I HAVE ENOUGH FRIENDS" is a generalized conversational implicature. <br><br /> Calculation: the answer flouts the maxim of relevance as it does not directly answer the question. However, we can infer that the implicature is a rude way of saying I do not want to be friends with you (I have enough friends and I don't need you as another friend) and therefore does represent a rational and cooperative communication. Like all conversational implicatures, it is cancellable, therefore it would have been possible to say "but I would like to be friends with you" in the next sentence.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:VerenaS]]==<br /> <br /> Sylvia: Where has Steven moved? (''entailment'': A person called Steven exists and is known to both, Simon and Sylvia)<br /> <br/>Simon: Somewehere near Moscow. (''implicature'': Simon does not know the exact town Steven has moved to)<br /> <br/>Sylvia: Oh, I can't forget our nights in Transilvania. (''factive presupposition'': there '''were''' nights together with Simon in Transilvania)<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Hilâl]]==<br /> <br /> Carry: My brother Jake cannot go to Brazil. (''entailment'': Carry has a brother whose name is Jake.)<br /> <br/>Sarah: Why can't he go there?<br /> <br/>Carry: He didn't pass the exam. (''presupposition'': Jake had to take an exam in order to go to Brazil.)<br /> <br/>Sarah: Is he now going to do the course again? (''implicature'': Jake still has the opportunity to get to Brazil if he does the course again)<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:FlorianB]] ==<br /> <br /> X: What's in this bottle? (Entailment: There is a bottle and X does not know its contents.)<br><br /> Y: Motor oil. It'll be tasty. (Implicature: Y or someone else is going to drink the oil.)<br><br /> X: I'd better call a doctor. (Presupposition: Drinking motor oil is not a good idea and a doctor - for the insane? - should be consulted.)<br /> <br /> <br /> <hr /><br /> Back to the [[NMTS_Course_Overview|course overview]]<br><br /> Back to [[NMTS_Meeting_7|meeting 7]]</div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=NMTS-InferencePage&diff=2168 NMTS-InferencePage 2012-12-03T23:34:24Z

<p>Ulrike: /* Dialogue by User:IngoM */</p> <hr /> <div>{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}<br /> <br /> = Homework of November 27 =<br /> <br /> == Task ==<br /> <br /> Come up with or report a short dialogue and use it to illustrate:<br /> # one entailment<br /> # one presupposition (what is the trigger? what kind of presupposition is it?)<br /> # one implicature (what kind of implicature is it? show the calculation by applying the maxims in the case of conversational implicatures)<br /> <br /> = Dialogues =<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Manfred]] ==<br /> <br /> The following passage is taken from David Mitchell ''Cloud Atlas'', London: Sceptre, 2004, p.33f.<br><br /> (Comment: this is not a real dialogue, but the text is clear enough so that it is easy to see what has been said in the described situtation.)<br /> <br /> # Along the gangway I stepped (''Prophetess'' was bucking like a <br><br /> # young bronco) to the officers' mess, knocked & entered. Mr<br><br /> # Roderick & Mr Boerhaave were listening to Cpt. Molyneux. I<br><br /> # cleared my throat and bade all good morning, at which our ami-<br><br /> # cable captain swore, `You can better my morning by b-ing<br> <br /> # off, instanter!´<br /> #<br /> # Coolly, I asked ''when'' the captain might find time to hear news<br><br /> # of an Indian stowaway who had just emerged from the coils of<br><br /> # hawser taking up my `so-called cabin´. During the ensuing silence<br><br /> # Cpt. Molyneux's pale, horny-toad complexion turned roast beef<br><br /> # pink. Ere his blast was launched, I added the stowaway claimed<br><br /> # to be an able-seaman & begged to work his passage.<br /> <br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> Line 4: ''I bade all good morning'' entails ''I said something''<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> Lines 8/9: ''hear news of an Indian stowaway ...''. Presupposes: ''there is an Indian stowaway ...''.<br><br /> Type of presuppostion: factive<br><br /> Note 1: it is remarkable that in this case the presupposition projects over a modal (''might'') and an embedded question (''when ...'').<br><br /> Note 2: the factive presupposition with ''hear'' is not as strong as with ''know'', ''realize'' or the other predicates discussed in class.<br><br /> Note 3: In line 12, the verb ''claim'' is used. Its complement clause's content (''the stowaway is an able-seamben'') is not presupposed.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature:'''<br /> Lines 10: ''my so-called cabin''. Implicature: ''my cabin is not a proper cabin (because of all the stored hawser)''<br /> <br><br /> Type of implicature: particularized conversational implicature.<br><br /> Calculation: The maxim of manner seems to be flouted (''be brief'') by the apperantly superfluous ''so-called''. The addressee understands that the speaker wants to communicate more than just saying that the stowaway was in his cabin. The attribute ''so-called'' indicates that the object does not fully satisfy the criteria of what would count as a real cabin.<br /> <br /> '''Add your dialogue below'''<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Anna P.]] ==<br /> <br /> Taken from The Big Bang Theory, Season 6 Episode 4 "The Re-Entry Minimization". <br><br /> <br /> #'''Howard:''' Hey Ma, twinkle twinkle! You’re little star is home!<br /> #(Tries to open the door, but fails) Ma, the chain is on the door!<br /> #'''Howard's Mom:''' Howard? I thought I don’t get to see you until tomorrow.<br /> #'''Howard:''' Yeah well, Bearny is not feeling well so I thought I stop by.<br /> #Tell you about the greatest adventure of my life. <br /> #See if you can make me feel bad about it.<br /> #'''His Mom:''' Oh ok, hold on. I’m not decent. <br /> #'''Howard:''' Alright. (To himself) Woman hasn’t tied her robe in 20 years <br /> #suddenly she is not decent. <br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' Want me to hide in the closet or go out the back?<br /> #'''Howard’s Mom:''' Shhhh… you need to whisper!<br /> #'''Howard:''' Ma, who’s in there?<br /> #'''Howard’s Mom:''' Ah no body… the TV is on.<br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' I only got one sock. Where is my other sock?<br /> #'''Howard:''' Who is it?<br /> #'''Howard’s Mom:''' I told you it’s the TV. James Leno lost his sock, <br /> #It’s hilarious. <br /> #'''Howard:''' If you’re busy, I can come back.<br /> #'''Howard’s Mom:''' Just gimme a second! (To Mr. Schneider) Go go go!!<br /> #(Dr. Schneider climbs out of the window. Howard catches him)<br /> #'''Howard:''' Dr. Schneider?<br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' Oh… (as if nothing had happen) Hello, Howard!<br /> #'''Howard:''' What are you doing here?<br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' Uhm, house call!<br /> #'''Howard:''' You’re a dentist!<br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' Yes, yes I am. (Turning toward the house, yelling at<br /> #Howard’s Mom) I think he’s on to us!<br /> <br><br /> '''Entailment:'''<br><br /> Line 7: ''I'm not decent.'' entails that Howard's mom needs to dress first before she can attend to her son.<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br><br /> Line 6: ''See if you can make me feel bad about it.'' presupposes that his mother usually is giving Howard a hard time.<br><br /> Type of presupposition: factive.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature:'''<br><br /> Line 8/9: ''Woman hasn’t tied her robe in 20 years suddenly she is not decent.'' Particularized conversational implicature. Seems to violate the maxim of relevance but still inference is made due to the fact that Howard's utterance is highly ironical, even sarcastic.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Lorena]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. '''Tim:''' "Why didn´t you come to John´s party last Saturday night? <br/><br /> 2. Most of our friends were there." <br/><br /> 3. '''Kevin:''' "Well, if I hadn´t had to pick my parents from the airport... <br/><br /> 4. I heavily regret that I couldn´t be there." <br/><br /> 5. '''Tim:''' "I see. Your parents were on holiday, I guess." <br/><br /> 6. '''Kevin:''' " Yes, exactly." <br/><br /> <br/><br /> 1. '''''structural presupposition:''''' Tim presupposes that the Kevin knows that there was a party on the particular place and time mentionend. This part of information is assumed to be true, so he can ask a question that contains these given facts. <br/><br /> <br/><br /> 2. '''''scalar implicature:''''' Tim expresses how many friends there were at the party. He implicates that there were more than many, but less than all friends there.<br/><br /> '''''entailment:''''' If Tim´s first sentence is true, than his second one is also true; i.e. If there was a party and he went there, it is likely that he also met friends there. <br/><br /> <br/><br /> 3. '''''counterfactual presupposition:''''' The opposite of Kevin´s utterance is true - he had to pick his parents from the airport. <br/><br /> Furthermore, his utterance serves as an explanation for his absence and implicates that if he hadn´t had to fetch them, he would have been at the party.<br/><br /> <br/><br /> 4. '''''factive presupposition:''''' The verb ''regret'' emphasizes the fact of his absence. But it also expresses that he could have been there. <br/><br /> <br/><br /> 5. '''''hedge''''' (I guess) concerning the maxim of quality of the cooperative principle: Tim conveys that he is not quite sure if his friend´s parents were abroad. The usage of this cautious note indicates that his inference might not be accurate.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Lisa]]==<br /> <br /> # Lisa and Verena are chatting during a lecture. <br><br /> # Lisa says: "I really regret havig taken this course." <br><br /> # Verena nodds and asks: "How is your dog?" <br><br /> # "Oh she is fine. But yesterday she drove me crazy. <br><br /> # She chased a cat and ran into a garden!"<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> <br /> Line 1: <br><br /> Lisa is talking. <br> Verena is talking.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> <br /> Line 2: "I regret having taken this course" presupposes that Lisa took the course. The presupposed information following the verb "regret" can be treated as a fact. Therefore, it is a factive presuppostion.<br /> <br /> Line 3: "How is your dog" presupposes that Lisa has a dog. Explanation as in 2.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Implicature:'''<br /> <br /> Line 5: "...chased a cat and ran into a garden!" Implicature: It was not Lisa´s cat or garden. She does not know to whom both belongs. Here, no special knowledge is required in the context to calculate the additional conveyed meaning. If Lisa was capable of being more specific she would have said "my garden/cat" or " the garden/cat of xy" (following the maxim of quantity). Therefore, it is a generalized conversational implicature.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:AnKa]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. '''A:''' We have many teachers in our school. <br/><br /> 2. '''B:''' Is there a male English teacher at your school? <br/><br /> 3. '''A:''' The class next door has a male teacher. <br/><br /> <br /> <br /> Line 1:<br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> A has at least some teachers in her/his school.<br /> <br /> Line 2:<br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> Either there is a male English teacher at the school or there isn’t. It is a question.<br /> <br /> Line 3:<br /> '''Implicature'''<br /> Conversational Implicature: Maxim of Quality. The Speaker does not want to give a precise answer because he might be uncertain. <br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Moonhwa9113]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. '''Tom:''' “Good morning Mary, did you sleep well?” <br/><br /> 2. '''Mary:''' “Not really. I dreamt I was a rat. It was awful” <br/><br /> 3. '''Tom:''' “This might sound odd but I think I heard you squeaking last night.” <br/><br /> <br /> <br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> Line 1 entails that Mary had been sleeping.<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> In line 2 Mary explains she dreamt she was a rat which proves she isn’t in real-life. Hence it forms a non-factive presupposition.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature'''<br /> In line 3 we see that the speaker Tom hedges (maxim of quality) while he carefully admits to have heard Mary squeaking but is either not sure or simply does not want to embarrass her. <br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Elisabeth.krall]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. Tom: How did you like the concert?<br /> <br /> 2. Tim: I don’t know. I was not really getting into the flow of those reggae beats.<br /> <br /> 3. Tom: Oh, I can see your point. But still I do not regret having bought those over-priced tickets. <br /> <br /> 4. Tim: Yeah, me neither. The tonality was neither in the Aeolian mode nor in Ionic as I expected it to be for I play reggae myself and the guitar chords would have sounded a lot better openly than in power chords and the bass guitar always emphasized the forth and the seventh instead of the third and the quint, though.<br /> <br /> 5. Tom: Ohhh… yes, if you say so.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Factive Presupposition:''' “I do not regret having bought those over – priced tickets” (3); the sentence presupposes that Tom bought over-priced tickets.<br /> <br /> '''Entailment:''' “I was not really getting into the flow of those reggae beats” (2); the remark entails that Tom was not able to fully feel the rhythm and the atmosphere of the reggae music played at the concert; therefore, he was not able to “identify” with the music<br /> <br /> '''Implicature''': remark 4; Tom violates the Maxim of Manner; he is not brief and does not avoid unnecessary prolixity <br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Anna]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. ''Mary and Peter are eating breakfast and talking.'' <br/><br /> 2. '''Peter:''' Did you go to an interview yesterday? <br/><br /> 3. '''Mary:''' The timing belt broke. <br/><br /> 4. I did not manage to go there. <br/><br /> 5. '''Peter:''' oh..., Can you pass the salt? <br/><br /> <br /> '''Entailment: (1)''' Both Mary and Peter are eating breakfast. <br/><br /> <br /> '''Presupposition: (3)''' ''Structural presupposition:'' The timing belt broke- Mary did not go to an interview. <br/><br /> '''(4)''' ''Lexical presupposition:'' She didn’t manage to go there- She was not there.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature: (5)''' ''Conversational implicature:'' Peter wants Mary to pass him salt.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User: Anna Böcher]] ==<br /> The following dialogue is an excerpt taken from „Pygmalion“ by Bernard Shaw.<br /> Professor Higgins and Colonel Pickering are discussing how to treat the flower girl Eliza, who should be taught in proper English by Higgins. <br/><br /> <br /> 1 '''PICKERING:''' Doesn't it occur to you, Higgins, that the girl has some feelings? <br/><br /> 2 '''HIGGINS:''' Oh no, I don't think so. Not any feelings that we need bother about. <br/><br /> 3 Have you, Eliza? <br/><br /> 4 '''ELIZA:''' I got my feelings same as anyone else. <br/><br /> 5 '''HIGGINS:''' You see the difficulty? <br/><br /> 6 '''PICKERING:''' Eh? What difficulty? <br/><br /> 7 '''HIGGINS:''' To get her talk grammar. The mere pronunciation is easy enough. <br/><br /> 8 '''ELIZA:''' I don't want to talk grammar. I want to talk like a lady in a flower-shop. <br/><br /> <br /> '''Entailment:''' The second sentence in line 8 entails that she doesn't talk like a lady in a flower-shop yet. <br/><br /> '''Presupposition:''' Eliza's statement in line 4 is a ''factive presupposition'', as it presupposes that anyone else has feelings. <br/><br /> '''Implicature:''' The question about Eliza's feelings in line 1 is a ''scalar implicature''. Pickering asks whether Higgins thinks that Eliza has some feelings, which implicates that she has feelings but not many. <br/><br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Leo]] ==<br /> <br /> Two really old people, they might be your own grandparents, maybe just a couple years older, talk to each other. The husbands name is Kurt. Liselotte is his wife. <br /> <br /> K: Have you seen Gretel in the last couple of days? You haven‘t been out much. Getting too old, eh? <br/><br /> L: She‘s in hospital. Have you forgotten again? She broke her leg. Do you ever listen to me? <br/><br /> K: I listen to you almost all the time. The pain in your back, your friends, your grandchildren, your cooking shows. And who listens to me? <br/><br /> <br /> '''Entailment:''' “Have you seen Gretel in the last couple of days?“ entails that someone called Gretel exists and both Kurt and Liselotte know her. <br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:''' “Have you forgotten again?“ presupposes that the couple has talked about Gretel‘s stay in hospital more than once before and Kurt has at least once forgotten about it. This is a lexical presupposition. <br /> <br /> '''Implicature:''' “I listen to you almost all the time“ implicates that Kurt does not listen to Liselotte every time she says something. This is a scalar implicature. Here, the maxim of quality seems to be slightly violated because he most likely listens even less than stated. <br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Ulrike]]==<br /> <br /> #Ben: I want to be in London right now walking along the South Bank.<br /> #Kate: Oh, that’s funny! My best friend Jake just took off London visiting some friends yesterday. <br /> #Ben: Really? That is not fair! In which part of London do his friends live? <br /> #Kate: Well, I think they live in Hammersmith, but I am not sure.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> <br /> Line 2: <br><br /> Entailment: Kate has got a friend called Jake and he is in London. Jake has got other friends who live in London. <br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> <br /> Line 1: <br><br /> Non-factive Presupposition: Ben is not in London at that time. <br /> <br /> '''Impliciture:'''<br /> <br /> Line 4: <br><br /> Implicature: Kate does not know exactly in which part of London Jake’s friends live.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Marc M]]==<br /> <br /> 1 '''Queen E II and Prince P sit in front of the TV enjoying a glass of wine'''<br /> <br /> 2 ''Weatherman'': „It's the 4th August 2012 and the outlook is splendid. Light summer rain and 12 degrees Celsius. A perfect English summer day … ”<br /> <br /> 3 ''Queen E II'': I dreamed my mother were still alive last night. If she hadn't drunk that much gin, she could still be here...<br /> <br /> 4 ''Prince P'': Well my dear, when was your mother born?<br /> <br /> 5 ''Queen E II'': On this very same day in 1900 as you very well know. I regret not having stopped her drinking.<br /> <br /> 6 ''Prince P'': There you are – She would have been 112 years old by now.<br /> <br /> 7 ''Queen E II'': Still – she might have been with us a little longer.<br /> <br /> 8 ''Prince P:'' Anyway darling, talking about age: let's enjoy this vintage. It's matured to perfection and I guess a glass of it won't hurt us.<br /> <br /> '''entailment''' <br><br /> Line 1: Queen E II and Prince P own some wine and at least one glass. (Probably much more than that ;-) )<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition''' <br><br /> Line 3: Non-factive presupposition: "I dreamed my mother were still alive last night" (>> Her mother is not with them) <br /> <br /> Line 3: Counterfactual presupposition: "If she hadn't drunk that much gin" (>> She has drunk that much gin)<br /> <br /> '''implicature''' <br><br /> Line 8: Hedge: "I guess a glass of it won't hurt us" (note regarding the accuracy/quality of the statement)<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Slc]] ==<br /> <br /> The following pages are taken from American Born Chinese by Gene Luen Yang, pp.38-9<br><br /> <br /> #Wei-Chen: ...EH...WE- B- BE FRIEND?<br /> #Yin: I HAVE ENOUGH FRIENDS<br /> #Wei-Chen: ...SORRY? REPEAT, PLEASE?<br /> #Yin: '''I HAVE ENOUGH FRIENDS'''<br /> #Wei-Chen: ...EH...WHO?<br /> #Yin: THEM.<br /> #Wei-Chen: OH.<br /> #Wei-Chen: *SIGH*<br /> #Yin: <WHAT IS THAT?><br /> #Wei-Chen: <A TOY ROBOT.><br /> #Wei-Chen: <HE CAN CHANGE INTO A ROBOT MONKEY><br /> #Wei-Chen: <MY FATHER GAVE IT TO ME JUST BEFORE I LEFT. AS A GOOD-BYE PRESENT.>*<br /> <br /> &lowast; In this text, pointed brackets are used to signal that the dialogue is in another language.<br /> <br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> <br /> Line 12 has a number of background entailments. Including:<br /> <br /> 12 <br /> a. Wei-Chen has a Father<br /> b. Wei-Chen was given something<br /> c. Wei-Chen and his Father said good-bye to one another.<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> <br /> In line 12, there is a structural presupposition: "MY FATHER GAVE IT TO ME JUST BEFORE I LEFT". This presupposes that he left somewhere.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature:'''<br /> <br /> The implicature in lines 2 & 4 "I HAVE ENOUGH FRIENDS" is a generalized conversational implicature. <br><br /> Calculation: the answer flouts the maxim of relevance as it does not directly answer the question. However, we can infer that the implicature is a rude way of saying I do not want to be friends with you (I have enough friends and I don't need you as another friend) and therefore does represent a rational and cooperative communication. Like all conversational implicatures, it is cancellable, therefore it would have been possible to say "but I would like to be friends with you" in the next sentence.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:VerenaS]]==<br /> <br /> Sylvia: Where has Steven moved? (''entailment'': A person called Steven exists and is known to both, Simon and Sylvia)<br /> <br/>Simon: Somewehere near Moscow. (''implicature'': Simon does not know the exact town Steven has moved to)<br /> <br/>Sylvia: Oh, I can't forget our nights in Transilvania. (''factive presupposition'': there '''were''' nights together with Simon in Transilvania)<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Hilâl]]==<br /> <br /> Carry: My brother Jake cannot go to Brazil. (''entailment'': Carry has a brother whose name is Jake.)<br /> <br/>Sarah: Why can't he go there?<br /> <br/>Carry: He didn't pass the exam. (''presupposition'': Jake had to take an exam in order to go to Brazil.)<br /> <br/>Sarah: Is he now going to do the course again? (''implicature'': Jake still has the opportunity to get to Brazil if he does the course again)<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:FlorianB]] ==<br /> <br /> X: What's in this bottle? (Entailment: There is a bottle and X does not know its contents.)<br><br /> Y: Motor oil. It'll be tasty. (Implicature: Y or someone else is going to drink the oil.)<br><br /> X: I'd better call a doctor. (Presupposition: Drinking motor oil is not a good idea and a doctor - for the insane? - should be consulted.)<br /> <br /> <br /> <hr /><br /> Back to the [[NMTS_Course_Overview|course overview]]<br><br /> Back to [[NMTS_Meeting_7|meeting 7]]</div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=NMTS-InferencePage&diff=2167 NMTS-InferencePage 2012-12-03T23:33:57Z

<p>Ulrike: /* Dialogue by User:Ulrike */</p> <hr /> <div>{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}<br /> <br /> = Homework of November 27 =<br /> <br /> == Task ==<br /> <br /> Come up with or report a short dialogue and use it to illustrate:<br /> # one entailment<br /> # one presupposition (what is the trigger? what kind of presupposition is it?)<br /> # one implicature (what kind of implicature is it? show the calculation by applying the maxims in the case of conversational implicatures)<br /> <br /> = Dialogues =<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Manfred]] ==<br /> <br /> The following passage is taken from David Mitchell ''Cloud Atlas'', London: Sceptre, 2004, p.33f.<br><br /> (Comment: this is not a real dialogue, but the text is clear enough so that it is easy to see what has been said in the described situtation.)<br /> <br /> # Along the gangway I stepped (''Prophetess'' was bucking like a <br><br /> # young bronco) to the officers' mess, knocked & entered. Mr<br><br /> # Roderick & Mr Boerhaave were listening to Cpt. Molyneux. I<br><br /> # cleared my throat and bade all good morning, at which our ami-<br><br /> # cable captain swore, `You can better my morning by b-ing<br> <br /> # off, instanter!´<br /> #<br /> # Coolly, I asked ''when'' the captain might find time to hear news<br><br /> # of an Indian stowaway who had just emerged from the coils of<br><br /> # hawser taking up my `so-called cabin´. During the ensuing silence<br><br /> # Cpt. Molyneux's pale, horny-toad complexion turned roast beef<br><br /> # pink. Ere his blast was launched, I added the stowaway claimed<br><br /> # to be an able-seaman & begged to work his passage.<br /> <br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> Line 4: ''I bade all good morning'' entails ''I said something''<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> Lines 8/9: ''hear news of an Indian stowaway ...''. Presupposes: ''there is an Indian stowaway ...''.<br><br /> Type of presuppostion: factive<br><br /> Note 1: it is remarkable that in this case the presupposition projects over a modal (''might'') and an embedded question (''when ...'').<br><br /> Note 2: the factive presupposition with ''hear'' is not as strong as with ''know'', ''realize'' or the other predicates discussed in class.<br><br /> Note 3: In line 12, the verb ''claim'' is used. Its complement clause's content (''the stowaway is an able-seamben'') is not presupposed.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature:'''<br /> Lines 10: ''my so-called cabin''. Implicature: ''my cabin is not a proper cabin (because of all the stored hawser)''<br /> <br><br /> Type of implicature: particularized conversational implicature.<br><br /> Calculation: The maxim of manner seems to be flouted (''be brief'') by the apperantly superfluous ''so-called''. The addressee understands that the speaker wants to communicate more than just saying that the stowaway was in his cabin. The attribute ''so-called'' indicates that the object does not fully satisfy the criteria of what would count as a real cabin.<br /> <br /> '''Add your dialogue below'''<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Anna P.]] ==<br /> <br /> Taken from The Big Bang Theory, Season 6 Episode 4 "The Re-Entry Minimization". <br><br /> <br /> #'''Howard:''' Hey Ma, twinkle twinkle! You’re little star is home!<br /> #(Tries to open the door, but fails) Ma, the chain is on the door!<br /> #'''Howard's Mom:''' Howard? I thought I don’t get to see you until tomorrow.<br /> #'''Howard:''' Yeah well, Bearny is not feeling well so I thought I stop by.<br /> #Tell you about the greatest adventure of my life. <br /> #See if you can make me feel bad about it.<br /> #'''His Mom:''' Oh ok, hold on. I’m not decent. <br /> #'''Howard:''' Alright. (To himself) Woman hasn’t tied her robe in 20 years <br /> #suddenly she is not decent. <br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' Want me to hide in the closet or go out the back?<br /> #'''Howard’s Mom:''' Shhhh… you need to whisper!<br /> #'''Howard:''' Ma, who’s in there?<br /> #'''Howard’s Mom:''' Ah no body… the TV is on.<br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' I only got one sock. Where is my other sock?<br /> #'''Howard:''' Who is it?<br /> #'''Howard’s Mom:''' I told you it’s the TV. James Leno lost his sock, <br /> #It’s hilarious. <br /> #'''Howard:''' If you’re busy, I can come back.<br /> #'''Howard’s Mom:''' Just gimme a second! (To Mr. Schneider) Go go go!!<br /> #(Dr. Schneider climbs out of the window. Howard catches him)<br /> #'''Howard:''' Dr. Schneider?<br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' Oh… (as if nothing had happen) Hello, Howard!<br /> #'''Howard:''' What are you doing here?<br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' Uhm, house call!<br /> #'''Howard:''' You’re a dentist!<br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' Yes, yes I am. (Turning toward the house, yelling at<br /> #Howard’s Mom) I think he’s on to us!<br /> <br><br /> '''Entailment:'''<br><br /> Line 7: ''I'm not decent.'' entails that Howard's mom needs to dress first before she can attend to her son.<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br><br /> Line 6: ''See if you can make me feel bad about it.'' presupposes that his mother usually is giving Howard a hard time.<br><br /> Type of presupposition: factive.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature:'''<br><br /> Line 8/9: ''Woman hasn’t tied her robe in 20 years suddenly she is not decent.'' Particularized conversational implicature. Seems to violate the maxim of relevance but still inference is made due to the fact that Howard's utterance is highly ironical, even sarcastic.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Lorena]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. '''Tim:''' "Why didn´t you come to John´s party last Saturday night? <br/><br /> 2. Most of our friends were there." <br/><br /> 3. '''Kevin:''' "Well, if I hadn´t had to pick my parents from the airport... <br/><br /> 4. I heavily regret that I couldn´t be there." <br/><br /> 5. '''Tim:''' "I see. Your parents were on holiday, I guess." <br/><br /> 6. '''Kevin:''' " Yes, exactly." <br/><br /> <br/><br /> 1. '''''structural presupposition:''''' Tim presupposes that the Kevin knows that there was a party on the particular place and time mentionend. This part of information is assumed to be true, so he can ask a question that contains these given facts. <br/><br /> <br/><br /> 2. '''''scalar implicature:''''' Tim expresses how many friends there were at the party. He implicates that there were more than many, but less than all friends there.<br/><br /> '''''entailment:''''' If Tim´s first sentence is true, than his second one is also true; i.e. If there was a party and he went there, it is likely that he also met friends there. <br/><br /> <br/><br /> 3. '''''counterfactual presupposition:''''' The opposite of Kevin´s utterance is true - he had to pick his parents from the airport. <br/><br /> Furthermore, his utterance serves as an explanation for his absence and implicates that if he hadn´t had to fetch them, he would have been at the party.<br/><br /> <br/><br /> 4. '''''factive presupposition:''''' The verb ''regret'' emphasizes the fact of his absence. But it also expresses that he could have been there. <br/><br /> <br/><br /> 5. '''''hedge''''' (I guess) concerning the maxim of quality of the cooperative principle: Tim conveys that he is not quite sure if his friend´s parents were abroad. The usage of this cautious note indicates that his inference might not be accurate.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Lisa]]==<br /> <br /> # Lisa and Verena are chatting during a lecture. <br><br /> # Lisa says: "I really regret havig taken this course." <br><br /> # Verena nodds and asks: "How is your dog?" <br><br /> # "Oh she is fine. But yesterday she drove me crazy. <br><br /> # She chased a cat and ran into a garden!"<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> <br /> Line 1: <br><br /> Lisa is talking. <br> Verena is talking.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> <br /> Line 2: "I regret having taken this course" presupposes that Lisa took the course. The presupposed information following the verb "regret" can be treated as a fact. Therefore, it is a factive presuppostion.<br /> <br /> Line 3: "How is your dog" presupposes that Lisa has a dog. Explanation as in 2.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Implicature:'''<br /> <br /> Line 5: "...chased a cat and ran into a garden!" Implicature: It was not Lisa´s cat or garden. She does not know to whom both belongs. Here, no special knowledge is required in the context to calculate the additional conveyed meaning. If Lisa was capable of being more specific she would have said "my garden/cat" or " the garden/cat of xy" (following the maxim of quantity). Therefore, it is a generalized conversational implicature.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:AnKa]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. '''A:''' We have many teachers in our school. <br/><br /> 2. '''B:''' Is there a male English teacher at your school? <br/><br /> 3. '''A:''' The class next door has a male teacher. <br/><br /> <br /> <br /> Line 1:<br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> A has at least some teachers in her/his school.<br /> <br /> Line 2:<br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> Either there is a male English teacher at the school or there isn’t. It is a question.<br /> <br /> Line 3:<br /> '''Implicature'''<br /> Conversational Implicature: Maxim of Quality. The Speaker does not want to give a precise answer because he might be uncertain. <br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Moonhwa9113]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. '''Tom:''' “Good morning Mary, did you sleep well?” <br/><br /> 2. '''Mary:''' “Not really. I dreamt I was a rat. It was awful” <br/><br /> 3. '''Tom:''' “This might sound odd but I think I heard you squeaking last night.” <br/><br /> <br /> <br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> Line 1 entails that Mary had been sleeping.<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> In line 2 Mary explains she dreamt she was a rat which proves she isn’t in real-life. Hence it forms a non-factive presupposition.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature'''<br /> In line 3 we see that the speaker Tom hedges (maxim of quality) while he carefully admits to have heard Mary squeaking but is either not sure or simply does not want to embarrass her. <br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Elisabeth.krall]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. Tom: How did you like the concert?<br /> <br /> 2. Tim: I don’t know. I was not really getting into the flow of those reggae beats.<br /> <br /> 3. Tom: Oh, I can see your point. But still I do not regret having bought those over-priced tickets. <br /> <br /> 4. Tim: Yeah, me neither. The tonality was neither in the Aeolian mode nor in Ionic as I expected it to be for I play reggae myself and the guitar chords would have sounded a lot better openly than in power chords and the bass guitar always emphasized the forth and the seventh instead of the third and the quint, though.<br /> <br /> 5. Tom: Ohhh… yes, if you say so.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Factive Presupposition:''' “I do not regret having bought those over – priced tickets” (3); the sentence presupposes that Tom bought over-priced tickets.<br /> <br /> '''Entailment:''' “I was not really getting into the flow of those reggae beats” (2); the remark entails that Tom was not able to fully feel the rhythm and the atmosphere of the reggae music played at the concert; therefore, he was not able to “identify” with the music<br /> <br /> '''Implicature''': remark 4; Tom violates the Maxim of Manner; he is not brief and does not avoid unnecessary prolixity <br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Anna]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. ''Mary and Peter are eating breakfast and talking.'' <br/><br /> 2. '''Peter:''' Did you go to an interview yesterday? <br/><br /> 3. '''Mary:''' The timing belt broke. <br/><br /> 4. I did not manage to go there. <br/><br /> 5. '''Peter:''' oh..., Can you pass the salt? <br/><br /> <br /> '''Entailment: (1)''' Both Mary and Peter are eating breakfast. <br/><br /> <br /> '''Presupposition: (3)''' ''Structural presupposition:'' The timing belt broke- Mary did not go to an interview. <br/><br /> '''(4)''' ''Lexical presupposition:'' She didn’t manage to go there- She was not there.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature: (5)''' ''Conversational implicature:'' Peter wants Mary to pass him salt.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User: Anna Böcher]] ==<br /> The following dialogue is an excerpt taken from „Pygmalion“ by Bernard Shaw.<br /> Professor Higgins and Colonel Pickering are discussing how to treat the flower girl Eliza, who should be taught in proper English by Higgins. <br/><br /> <br /> 1 '''PICKERING:''' Doesn't it occur to you, Higgins, that the girl has some feelings? <br/><br /> 2 '''HIGGINS:''' Oh no, I don't think so. Not any feelings that we need bother about. <br/><br /> 3 Have you, Eliza? <br/><br /> 4 '''ELIZA:''' I got my feelings same as anyone else. <br/><br /> 5 '''HIGGINS:''' You see the difficulty? <br/><br /> 6 '''PICKERING:''' Eh? What difficulty? <br/><br /> 7 '''HIGGINS:''' To get her talk grammar. The mere pronunciation is easy enough. <br/><br /> 8 '''ELIZA:''' I don't want to talk grammar. I want to talk like a lady in a flower-shop. <br/><br /> <br /> '''Entailment:''' The second sentence in line 8 entails that she doesn't talk like a lady in a flower-shop yet. <br/><br /> '''Presupposition:''' Eliza's statement in line 4 is a ''factive presupposition'', as it presupposes that anyone else has feelings. <br/><br /> '''Implicature:''' The question about Eliza's feelings in line 1 is a ''scalar implicature''. Pickering asks whether Higgins thinks that Eliza has some feelings, which implicates that she has feelings but not many. <br/><br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Leo]] ==<br /> <br /> Two really old people, they might be your own grandparents, maybe just a couple years older, talk to each other. The husbands name is Kurt. Liselotte is his wife. <br /> <br /> K: Have you seen Gretel in the last couple of days? You haven‘t been out much. Getting too old, eh? <br/><br /> L: She‘s in hospital. Have you forgotten again? She broke her leg. Do you ever listen to me? <br/><br /> K: I listen to you almost all the time. The pain in your back, your friends, your grandchildren, your cooking shows. And who listens to me? <br/><br /> <br /> '''Entailment:''' “Have you seen Gretel in the last couple of days?“ entails that someone called Gretel exists and both Kurt and Liselotte know her. <br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:''' “Have you forgotten again?“ presupposes that the couple has talked about Gretel‘s stay in hospital more than once before and Kurt has at least once forgotten about it. This is a lexical presupposition. <br /> <br /> '''Implicature:''' “I listen to you almost all the time“ implicates that Kurt does not listen to Liselotte every time she says something. This is a scalar implicature. Here, the maxim of quality seems to be slightly violated because he most likely listens even less than stated. <br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:IngoM]]==<br /> <br /> A: The president was assassinated! (entailment: The president is dead.)<br /> <br /> B: Oh, no! Now he can no longer rule our country! (presupposition: He once ruled the country.)<br /> <br /> A: I will miss him. He always seemed overworked but happy. (Conventional implicature: This sentence implies being overworked and happiness are not compatible but in spite of this the president was still happy. The conventional interpretation of the word "but" will always create the implicature of a sense of contrast. <br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Marc M]]==<br /> <br /> 1 '''Queen E II and Prince P sit in front of the TV enjoying a glass of wine'''<br /> <br /> 2 ''Weatherman'': „It's the 4th August 2012 and the outlook is splendid. Light summer rain and 12 degrees Celsius. A perfect English summer day … ”<br /> <br /> 3 ''Queen E II'': I dreamed my mother were still alive last night. If she hadn't drunk that much gin, she could still be here...<br /> <br /> 4 ''Prince P'': Well my dear, when was your mother born?<br /> <br /> 5 ''Queen E II'': On this very same day in 1900 as you very well know. I regret not having stopped her drinking.<br /> <br /> 6 ''Prince P'': There you are – She would have been 112 years old by now.<br /> <br /> 7 ''Queen E II'': Still – she might have been with us a little longer.<br /> <br /> 8 ''Prince P:'' Anyway darling, talking about age: let's enjoy this vintage. It's matured to perfection and I guess a glass of it won't hurt us.<br /> <br /> '''entailment''' <br><br /> Line 1: Queen E II and Prince P own some wine and at least one glass. (Probably much more than that ;-) )<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition''' <br><br /> Line 3: Non-factive presupposition: "I dreamed my mother were still alive last night" (>> Her mother is not with them) <br /> <br /> Line 3: Counterfactual presupposition: "If she hadn't drunk that much gin" (>> She has drunk that much gin)<br /> <br /> '''implicature''' <br><br /> Line 8: Hedge: "I guess a glass of it won't hurt us" (note regarding the accuracy/quality of the statement)<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Slc]] ==<br /> <br /> The following pages are taken from American Born Chinese by Gene Luen Yang, pp.38-9<br><br /> <br /> #Wei-Chen: ...EH...WE- B- BE FRIEND?<br /> #Yin: I HAVE ENOUGH FRIENDS<br /> #Wei-Chen: ...SORRY? REPEAT, PLEASE?<br /> #Yin: '''I HAVE ENOUGH FRIENDS'''<br /> #Wei-Chen: ...EH...WHO?<br /> #Yin: THEM.<br /> #Wei-Chen: OH.<br /> #Wei-Chen: *SIGH*<br /> #Yin: <WHAT IS THAT?><br /> #Wei-Chen: <A TOY ROBOT.><br /> #Wei-Chen: <HE CAN CHANGE INTO A ROBOT MONKEY><br /> #Wei-Chen: <MY FATHER GAVE IT TO ME JUST BEFORE I LEFT. AS A GOOD-BYE PRESENT.>*<br /> <br /> &lowast; In this text, pointed brackets are used to signal that the dialogue is in another language.<br /> <br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> <br /> Line 12 has a number of background entailments. Including:<br /> <br /> 12 <br /> a. Wei-Chen has a Father<br /> b. Wei-Chen was given something<br /> c. Wei-Chen and his Father said good-bye to one another.<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> <br /> In line 12, there is a structural presupposition: "MY FATHER GAVE IT TO ME JUST BEFORE I LEFT". This presupposes that he left somewhere.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature:'''<br /> <br /> The implicature in lines 2 & 4 "I HAVE ENOUGH FRIENDS" is a generalized conversational implicature. <br><br /> Calculation: the answer flouts the maxim of relevance as it does not directly answer the question. However, we can infer that the implicature is a rude way of saying I do not want to be friends with you (I have enough friends and I don't need you as another friend) and therefore does represent a rational and cooperative communication. Like all conversational implicatures, it is cancellable, therefore it would have been possible to say "but I would like to be friends with you" in the next sentence.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:VerenaS]]==<br /> <br /> Sylvia: Where has Steven moved? (''entailment'': A person called Steven exists and is known to both, Simon and Sylvia)<br /> <br/>Simon: Somewehere near Moscow. (''implicature'': Simon does not know the exact town Steven has moved to)<br /> <br/>Sylvia: Oh, I can't forget our nights in Transilvania. (''factive presupposition'': there '''were''' nights together with Simon in Transilvania)<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Hilâl]]==<br /> <br /> Carry: My brother Jake cannot go to Brazil. (''entailment'': Carry has a brother whose name is Jake.)<br /> <br/>Sarah: Why can't he go there?<br /> <br/>Carry: He didn't pass the exam. (''presupposition'': Jake had to take an exam in order to go to Brazil.)<br /> <br/>Sarah: Is he now going to do the course again? (''implicature'': Jake still has the opportunity to get to Brazil if he does the course again)<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:FlorianB]] ==<br /> <br /> X: What's in this bottle? (Entailment: There is a bottle and X does not know its contents.)<br><br /> Y: Motor oil. It'll be tasty. (Implicature: Y or someone else is going to drink the oil.)<br><br /> X: I'd better call a doctor. (Presupposition: Drinking motor oil is not a good idea and a doctor - for the insane? - should be consulted.)<br /> <br /> <br /> <hr /><br /> Back to the [[NMTS_Course_Overview|course overview]]<br><br /> Back to [[NMTS_Meeting_7|meeting 7]]</div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=NMTS-InferencePage&diff=2166 NMTS-InferencePage 2012-12-03T23:33:33Z

<p>Ulrike: /* Dialogue by User:Nicki */</p> <hr /> <div>{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}<br /> <br /> = Homework of November 27 =<br /> <br /> == Task ==<br /> <br /> Come up with or report a short dialogue and use it to illustrate:<br /> # one entailment<br /> # one presupposition (what is the trigger? what kind of presupposition is it?)<br /> # one implicature (what kind of implicature is it? show the calculation by applying the maxims in the case of conversational implicatures)<br /> <br /> = Dialogues =<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Manfred]] ==<br /> <br /> The following passage is taken from David Mitchell ''Cloud Atlas'', London: Sceptre, 2004, p.33f.<br><br /> (Comment: this is not a real dialogue, but the text is clear enough so that it is easy to see what has been said in the described situtation.)<br /> <br /> # Along the gangway I stepped (''Prophetess'' was bucking like a <br><br /> # young bronco) to the officers' mess, knocked & entered. Mr<br><br /> # Roderick & Mr Boerhaave were listening to Cpt. Molyneux. I<br><br /> # cleared my throat and bade all good morning, at which our ami-<br><br /> # cable captain swore, `You can better my morning by b-ing<br> <br /> # off, instanter!´<br /> #<br /> # Coolly, I asked ''when'' the captain might find time to hear news<br><br /> # of an Indian stowaway who had just emerged from the coils of<br><br /> # hawser taking up my `so-called cabin´. During the ensuing silence<br><br /> # Cpt. Molyneux's pale, horny-toad complexion turned roast beef<br><br /> # pink. Ere his blast was launched, I added the stowaway claimed<br><br /> # to be an able-seaman & begged to work his passage.<br /> <br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> Line 4: ''I bade all good morning'' entails ''I said something''<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> Lines 8/9: ''hear news of an Indian stowaway ...''. Presupposes: ''there is an Indian stowaway ...''.<br><br /> Type of presuppostion: factive<br><br /> Note 1: it is remarkable that in this case the presupposition projects over a modal (''might'') and an embedded question (''when ...'').<br><br /> Note 2: the factive presupposition with ''hear'' is not as strong as with ''know'', ''realize'' or the other predicates discussed in class.<br><br /> Note 3: In line 12, the verb ''claim'' is used. Its complement clause's content (''the stowaway is an able-seamben'') is not presupposed.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature:'''<br /> Lines 10: ''my so-called cabin''. Implicature: ''my cabin is not a proper cabin (because of all the stored hawser)''<br /> <br><br /> Type of implicature: particularized conversational implicature.<br><br /> Calculation: The maxim of manner seems to be flouted (''be brief'') by the apperantly superfluous ''so-called''. The addressee understands that the speaker wants to communicate more than just saying that the stowaway was in his cabin. The attribute ''so-called'' indicates that the object does not fully satisfy the criteria of what would count as a real cabin.<br /> <br /> '''Add your dialogue below'''<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Ulrike]]==<br /> <br /> #Ben: I want to be in London right now walking along the South Bank.<br /> #Kate: Oh, that’s funny! My best friend Jake just took off London visiting some friends yesterday. <br /> #Ben: Really? That is not fair! In which part of London do his friends live? <br /> #Kate: Well, I think they live in Hammersmith, but I am not sure.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> <br /> Line 2: <br><br /> Entailment: Kate has got a friend called Jake and he is in London. Jake has got other friends who live in London. <br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> <br /> Line 1: <br><br /> Non-factive Presupposition: Ben is not in London at that time. <br /> <br /> '''Impliciture:'''<br /> <br /> Line 4: <br><br /> Implicature: Kate does not know exactly in which part of London Jake’s friends live.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Anna P.]] ==<br /> <br /> Taken from The Big Bang Theory, Season 6 Episode 4 "The Re-Entry Minimization". <br><br /> <br /> #'''Howard:''' Hey Ma, twinkle twinkle! You’re little star is home!<br /> #(Tries to open the door, but fails) Ma, the chain is on the door!<br /> #'''Howard's Mom:''' Howard? I thought I don’t get to see you until tomorrow.<br /> #'''Howard:''' Yeah well, Bearny is not feeling well so I thought I stop by.<br /> #Tell you about the greatest adventure of my life. <br /> #See if you can make me feel bad about it.<br /> #'''His Mom:''' Oh ok, hold on. I’m not decent. <br /> #'''Howard:''' Alright. (To himself) Woman hasn’t tied her robe in 20 years <br /> #suddenly she is not decent. <br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' Want me to hide in the closet or go out the back?<br /> #'''Howard’s Mom:''' Shhhh… you need to whisper!<br /> #'''Howard:''' Ma, who’s in there?<br /> #'''Howard’s Mom:''' Ah no body… the TV is on.<br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' I only got one sock. Where is my other sock?<br /> #'''Howard:''' Who is it?<br /> #'''Howard’s Mom:''' I told you it’s the TV. James Leno lost his sock, <br /> #It’s hilarious. <br /> #'''Howard:''' If you’re busy, I can come back.<br /> #'''Howard’s Mom:''' Just gimme a second! (To Mr. Schneider) Go go go!!<br /> #(Dr. Schneider climbs out of the window. Howard catches him)<br /> #'''Howard:''' Dr. Schneider?<br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' Oh… (as if nothing had happen) Hello, Howard!<br /> #'''Howard:''' What are you doing here?<br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' Uhm, house call!<br /> #'''Howard:''' You’re a dentist!<br /> #'''Dr. Schneider:''' Yes, yes I am. (Turning toward the house, yelling at<br /> #Howard’s Mom) I think he’s on to us!<br /> <br><br /> '''Entailment:'''<br><br /> Line 7: ''I'm not decent.'' entails that Howard's mom needs to dress first before she can attend to her son.<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br><br /> Line 6: ''See if you can make me feel bad about it.'' presupposes that his mother usually is giving Howard a hard time.<br><br /> Type of presupposition: factive.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature:'''<br><br /> Line 8/9: ''Woman hasn’t tied her robe in 20 years suddenly she is not decent.'' Particularized conversational implicature. Seems to violate the maxim of relevance but still inference is made due to the fact that Howard's utterance is highly ironical, even sarcastic.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Lorena]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. '''Tim:''' "Why didn´t you come to John´s party last Saturday night? <br/><br /> 2. Most of our friends were there." <br/><br /> 3. '''Kevin:''' "Well, if I hadn´t had to pick my parents from the airport... <br/><br /> 4. I heavily regret that I couldn´t be there." <br/><br /> 5. '''Tim:''' "I see. Your parents were on holiday, I guess." <br/><br /> 6. '''Kevin:''' " Yes, exactly." <br/><br /> <br/><br /> 1. '''''structural presupposition:''''' Tim presupposes that the Kevin knows that there was a party on the particular place and time mentionend. This part of information is assumed to be true, so he can ask a question that contains these given facts. <br/><br /> <br/><br /> 2. '''''scalar implicature:''''' Tim expresses how many friends there were at the party. He implicates that there were more than many, but less than all friends there.<br/><br /> '''''entailment:''''' If Tim´s first sentence is true, than his second one is also true; i.e. If there was a party and he went there, it is likely that he also met friends there. <br/><br /> <br/><br /> 3. '''''counterfactual presupposition:''''' The opposite of Kevin´s utterance is true - he had to pick his parents from the airport. <br/><br /> Furthermore, his utterance serves as an explanation for his absence and implicates that if he hadn´t had to fetch them, he would have been at the party.<br/><br /> <br/><br /> 4. '''''factive presupposition:''''' The verb ''regret'' emphasizes the fact of his absence. But it also expresses that he could have been there. <br/><br /> <br/><br /> 5. '''''hedge''''' (I guess) concerning the maxim of quality of the cooperative principle: Tim conveys that he is not quite sure if his friend´s parents were abroad. The usage of this cautious note indicates that his inference might not be accurate.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Lisa]]==<br /> <br /> # Lisa and Verena are chatting during a lecture. <br><br /> # Lisa says: "I really regret havig taken this course." <br><br /> # Verena nodds and asks: "How is your dog?" <br><br /> # "Oh she is fine. But yesterday she drove me crazy. <br><br /> # She chased a cat and ran into a garden!"<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> <br /> Line 1: <br><br /> Lisa is talking. <br> Verena is talking.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> <br /> Line 2: "I regret having taken this course" presupposes that Lisa took the course. The presupposed information following the verb "regret" can be treated as a fact. Therefore, it is a factive presuppostion.<br /> <br /> Line 3: "How is your dog" presupposes that Lisa has a dog. Explanation as in 2.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Implicature:'''<br /> <br /> Line 5: "...chased a cat and ran into a garden!" Implicature: It was not Lisa´s cat or garden. She does not know to whom both belongs. Here, no special knowledge is required in the context to calculate the additional conveyed meaning. If Lisa was capable of being more specific she would have said "my garden/cat" or " the garden/cat of xy" (following the maxim of quantity). Therefore, it is a generalized conversational implicature.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:AnKa]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. '''A:''' We have many teachers in our school. <br/><br /> 2. '''B:''' Is there a male English teacher at your school? <br/><br /> 3. '''A:''' The class next door has a male teacher. <br/><br /> <br /> <br /> Line 1:<br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> A has at least some teachers in her/his school.<br /> <br /> Line 2:<br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> Either there is a male English teacher at the school or there isn’t. It is a question.<br /> <br /> Line 3:<br /> '''Implicature'''<br /> Conversational Implicature: Maxim of Quality. The Speaker does not want to give a precise answer because he might be uncertain. <br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Moonhwa9113]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. '''Tom:''' “Good morning Mary, did you sleep well?” <br/><br /> 2. '''Mary:''' “Not really. I dreamt I was a rat. It was awful” <br/><br /> 3. '''Tom:''' “This might sound odd but I think I heard you squeaking last night.” <br/><br /> <br /> <br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> Line 1 entails that Mary had been sleeping.<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> In line 2 Mary explains she dreamt she was a rat which proves she isn’t in real-life. Hence it forms a non-factive presupposition.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature'''<br /> In line 3 we see that the speaker Tom hedges (maxim of quality) while he carefully admits to have heard Mary squeaking but is either not sure or simply does not want to embarrass her. <br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Elisabeth.krall]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. Tom: How did you like the concert?<br /> <br /> 2. Tim: I don’t know. I was not really getting into the flow of those reggae beats.<br /> <br /> 3. Tom: Oh, I can see your point. But still I do not regret having bought those over-priced tickets. <br /> <br /> 4. Tim: Yeah, me neither. The tonality was neither in the Aeolian mode nor in Ionic as I expected it to be for I play reggae myself and the guitar chords would have sounded a lot better openly than in power chords and the bass guitar always emphasized the forth and the seventh instead of the third and the quint, though.<br /> <br /> 5. Tom: Ohhh… yes, if you say so.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Factive Presupposition:''' “I do not regret having bought those over – priced tickets” (3); the sentence presupposes that Tom bought over-priced tickets.<br /> <br /> '''Entailment:''' “I was not really getting into the flow of those reggae beats” (2); the remark entails that Tom was not able to fully feel the rhythm and the atmosphere of the reggae music played at the concert; therefore, he was not able to “identify” with the music<br /> <br /> '''Implicature''': remark 4; Tom violates the Maxim of Manner; he is not brief and does not avoid unnecessary prolixity <br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Anna]] ==<br /> <br /> 1. ''Mary and Peter are eating breakfast and talking.'' <br/><br /> 2. '''Peter:''' Did you go to an interview yesterday? <br/><br /> 3. '''Mary:''' The timing belt broke. <br/><br /> 4. I did not manage to go there. <br/><br /> 5. '''Peter:''' oh..., Can you pass the salt? <br/><br /> <br /> '''Entailment: (1)''' Both Mary and Peter are eating breakfast. <br/><br /> <br /> '''Presupposition: (3)''' ''Structural presupposition:'' The timing belt broke- Mary did not go to an interview. <br/><br /> '''(4)''' ''Lexical presupposition:'' She didn’t manage to go there- She was not there.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature: (5)''' ''Conversational implicature:'' Peter wants Mary to pass him salt.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User: Anna Böcher]] ==<br /> The following dialogue is an excerpt taken from „Pygmalion“ by Bernard Shaw.<br /> Professor Higgins and Colonel Pickering are discussing how to treat the flower girl Eliza, who should be taught in proper English by Higgins. <br/><br /> <br /> 1 '''PICKERING:''' Doesn't it occur to you, Higgins, that the girl has some feelings? <br/><br /> 2 '''HIGGINS:''' Oh no, I don't think so. Not any feelings that we need bother about. <br/><br /> 3 Have you, Eliza? <br/><br /> 4 '''ELIZA:''' I got my feelings same as anyone else. <br/><br /> 5 '''HIGGINS:''' You see the difficulty? <br/><br /> 6 '''PICKERING:''' Eh? What difficulty? <br/><br /> 7 '''HIGGINS:''' To get her talk grammar. The mere pronunciation is easy enough. <br/><br /> 8 '''ELIZA:''' I don't want to talk grammar. I want to talk like a lady in a flower-shop. <br/><br /> <br /> '''Entailment:''' The second sentence in line 8 entails that she doesn't talk like a lady in a flower-shop yet. <br/><br /> '''Presupposition:''' Eliza's statement in line 4 is a ''factive presupposition'', as it presupposes that anyone else has feelings. <br/><br /> '''Implicature:''' The question about Eliza's feelings in line 1 is a ''scalar implicature''. Pickering asks whether Higgins thinks that Eliza has some feelings, which implicates that she has feelings but not many. <br/><br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Leo]] ==<br /> <br /> Two really old people, they might be your own grandparents, maybe just a couple years older, talk to each other. The husbands name is Kurt. Liselotte is his wife. <br /> <br /> K: Have you seen Gretel in the last couple of days? You haven‘t been out much. Getting too old, eh? <br/><br /> L: She‘s in hospital. Have you forgotten again? She broke her leg. Do you ever listen to me? <br/><br /> K: I listen to you almost all the time. The pain in your back, your friends, your grandchildren, your cooking shows. And who listens to me? <br/><br /> <br /> '''Entailment:''' “Have you seen Gretel in the last couple of days?“ entails that someone called Gretel exists and both Kurt and Liselotte know her. <br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:''' “Have you forgotten again?“ presupposes that the couple has talked about Gretel‘s stay in hospital more than once before and Kurt has at least once forgotten about it. This is a lexical presupposition. <br /> <br /> '''Implicature:''' “I listen to you almost all the time“ implicates that Kurt does not listen to Liselotte every time she says something. This is a scalar implicature. Here, the maxim of quality seems to be slightly violated because he most likely listens even less than stated. <br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:IngoM]]==<br /> <br /> A: The president was assassinated! (entailment: The president is dead.)<br /> <br /> B: Oh, no! Now he can no longer rule our country! (presupposition: He once ruled the country.)<br /> <br /> A: I will miss him. He always seemed overworked but happy. (Conventional implicature: This sentence implies being overworked and happiness are not compatible but in spite of this the president was still happy. The conventional interpretation of the word "but" will always create the implicature of a sense of contrast. <br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Marc M]]==<br /> <br /> 1 '''Queen E II and Prince P sit in front of the TV enjoying a glass of wine'''<br /> <br /> 2 ''Weatherman'': „It's the 4th August 2012 and the outlook is splendid. Light summer rain and 12 degrees Celsius. A perfect English summer day … ”<br /> <br /> 3 ''Queen E II'': I dreamed my mother were still alive last night. If she hadn't drunk that much gin, she could still be here...<br /> <br /> 4 ''Prince P'': Well my dear, when was your mother born?<br /> <br /> 5 ''Queen E II'': On this very same day in 1900 as you very well know. I regret not having stopped her drinking.<br /> <br /> 6 ''Prince P'': There you are – She would have been 112 years old by now.<br /> <br /> 7 ''Queen E II'': Still – she might have been with us a little longer.<br /> <br /> 8 ''Prince P:'' Anyway darling, talking about age: let's enjoy this vintage. It's matured to perfection and I guess a glass of it won't hurt us.<br /> <br /> '''entailment''' <br><br /> Line 1: Queen E II and Prince P own some wine and at least one glass. (Probably much more than that ;-) )<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition''' <br><br /> Line 3: Non-factive presupposition: "I dreamed my mother were still alive last night" (>> Her mother is not with them) <br /> <br /> Line 3: Counterfactual presupposition: "If she hadn't drunk that much gin" (>> She has drunk that much gin)<br /> <br /> '''implicature''' <br><br /> Line 8: Hedge: "I guess a glass of it won't hurt us" (note regarding the accuracy/quality of the statement)<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Slc]] ==<br /> <br /> The following pages are taken from American Born Chinese by Gene Luen Yang, pp.38-9<br><br /> <br /> #Wei-Chen: ...EH...WE- B- BE FRIEND?<br /> #Yin: I HAVE ENOUGH FRIENDS<br /> #Wei-Chen: ...SORRY? REPEAT, PLEASE?<br /> #Yin: '''I HAVE ENOUGH FRIENDS'''<br /> #Wei-Chen: ...EH...WHO?<br /> #Yin: THEM.<br /> #Wei-Chen: OH.<br /> #Wei-Chen: *SIGH*<br /> #Yin: <WHAT IS THAT?><br /> #Wei-Chen: <A TOY ROBOT.><br /> #Wei-Chen: <HE CAN CHANGE INTO A ROBOT MONKEY><br /> #Wei-Chen: <MY FATHER GAVE IT TO ME JUST BEFORE I LEFT. AS A GOOD-BYE PRESENT.>*<br /> <br /> &lowast; In this text, pointed brackets are used to signal that the dialogue is in another language.<br /> <br /> '''Entailment:'''<br /> <br /> Line 12 has a number of background entailments. Including:<br /> <br /> 12 <br /> a. Wei-Chen has a Father<br /> b. Wei-Chen was given something<br /> c. Wei-Chen and his Father said good-bye to one another.<br /> <br /> '''Presupposition:'''<br /> <br /> In line 12, there is a structural presupposition: "MY FATHER GAVE IT TO ME JUST BEFORE I LEFT". This presupposes that he left somewhere.<br /> <br /> '''Implicature:'''<br /> <br /> The implicature in lines 2 & 4 "I HAVE ENOUGH FRIENDS" is a generalized conversational implicature. <br><br /> Calculation: the answer flouts the maxim of relevance as it does not directly answer the question. However, we can infer that the implicature is a rude way of saying I do not want to be friends with you (I have enough friends and I don't need you as another friend) and therefore does represent a rational and cooperative communication. Like all conversational implicatures, it is cancellable, therefore it would have been possible to say "but I would like to be friends with you" in the next sentence.<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:VerenaS]]==<br /> <br /> Sylvia: Where has Steven moved? (''entailment'': A person called Steven exists and is known to both, Simon and Sylvia)<br /> <br/>Simon: Somewehere near Moscow. (''implicature'': Simon does not know the exact town Steven has moved to)<br /> <br/>Sylvia: Oh, I can't forget our nights in Transilvania. (''factive presupposition'': there '''were''' nights together with Simon in Transilvania)<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:Hilâl]]==<br /> <br /> Carry: My brother Jake cannot go to Brazil. (''entailment'': Carry has a brother whose name is Jake.)<br /> <br/>Sarah: Why can't he go there?<br /> <br/>Carry: He didn't pass the exam. (''presupposition'': Jake had to take an exam in order to go to Brazil.)<br /> <br/>Sarah: Is he now going to do the course again? (''implicature'': Jake still has the opportunity to get to Brazil if he does the course again)<br /> <br /> == Dialogue by [[User:FlorianB]] ==<br /> <br /> X: What's in this bottle? (Entailment: There is a bottle and X does not know its contents.)<br><br /> Y: Motor oil. It'll be tasty. (Implicature: Y or someone else is going to drink the oil.)<br><br /> X: I'd better call a doctor. (Presupposition: Drinking motor oil is not a good idea and a doctor - for the insane? - should be consulted.)<br /> <br /> <br /> <hr /><br /> Back to the [[NMTS_Course_Overview|course overview]]<br><br /> Back to [[NMTS_Meeting_7|meeting 7]]</div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=NMTS-Group2&diff=1923 NMTS-Group2 2012-11-06T00:47:23Z

<p>Ulrike: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}<br /> <br /> (Back to the [[NMTS_Meeting_2#Groups|group overview]])<br /> <br /> = Wikipage of Group 2 =<br /> <br /> == Overview ==<br /> <br /> === Members ===<br /> * [[User:Anna| Anna]]<br /> * [[User:Katarzyna| Katarzyna]]<br /> * [[User:VerenaS| Verena]]<br /> * [[User:Ulrike| Ulrike]]<br /> * [[User:Ulrike| Marlene]]<br /> <br /> === Short description of the topic ===<br /> Our aim is to enlighten the subject of semantic relations. What is a synonym? How can we distinguish polysemy and homonymy? Why are ''alive'' and ''dead'' complements and not truly antonyms? Those are the questions we want to answer by producing guides and excercises for future students and all those who never understood semantic relations.<br /> <br /> == References and links ==<br /> <br /> === References ===<br /> <br /> <br /> * Cann, R.; Ruth Kempson; Eleni Gregoromichelaki (2009). ''Semantics - an introduction to meaning in language.'' Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.<br /> * Murphy, M. Lynne. (2003). ''Semantic relations and the lexicon : antonymy, synonymy and other paradigms.'' Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.<br /> * Lyons, J. (1983). ''Semantik 2.'' München: Beck.<br /> <br /> === Links ===<br /> * [[Glossary:Homophony|homophony]]<br /> * [[Glossary:contradiction|contradiction]]<br /> * [[Glossary:Complementarity|complementarity]]<br /> <br /> * [http://www.generalsemantics.org/the-general-semantics-learning-center/online-library/ General Semantics Learning Center]<br /> * [http://www.iva.dk/bh/lifeboat_ko/CONCEPTS/semantic_relations.htm A general overview, granted by Det Informationsvidenskabelige Akademi]<br /> * [http://wordnet.princeton.edu/wordnet WordNet, granted by the Princeton Univesity (By clicking on 'browser', you have access to a highly dense database of English words, all saved with a full descirption of their semantic relation)]<br /> * [http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam041/2003046079.pdf Semantic Relations and the Lexicon: Antonymy, Synonymy, and Other Paradigims]<br /> <br /> === Links with non-scientific background (please handle with care) ===<br /> * [http://www.synonym.com/antonym/ Antonym Finder, can also be used for synonyms and definitions]<br /> * [http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/synonyms-antonyms.htm A good page to illustrate the difference between synonym and antonyms (with examples)]<br /> <br /> = Our e-learning objects =<br /> <br /> == Our wiki pages ==<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Homophony|homophony (definition in Basic Glossary)]]<br /> * [[Glossary:contradiction|contradiction (definition in Basic Glossary)]]<br /> * [[Glossary:Complementarity|complementarity (definition in Basic Glossary)]]<br /> * [[Glossary:Hypernym|hypernym (definition in Basic Glossary)]]<br /> <br /> == Our podcasts ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Our materials for an interactive whiteboard ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Our pictures ==<br /> <br /> <gallery><br /> File:Anna.jpg|Anna<br /> File:Katarzyna.jpg|Katarzyna<br /> File:VerenaSinkel.jpg|Verena<br /> <br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> == Our exercises ==<br /> <br /> <br /> #Meaning relations among words or sentences. Which meaning relation holds between the following words or sentences? Your answer should be of the form: Word/sentence A is an X of word/sentence B. <br/><br /> <br/><br /> a. A: I saw Martha at the anniversary party. B: It was Martha that I saw at the anniversary party. <br/><br /> b. A: plane B: cockpit <br/><br /> c. A: piano B: musical instrument <br/><br /> d. A: Vera is an only child. B: Olga is Vera’s sister. <br/><br /> e. A: My cousin Tom is a teacher. B: My cousin Tom teaches at the community collage for living.</div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=User:Ulrike&diff=1922 User:Ulrike 2012-11-06T00:41:19Z

<p>Ulrike: /* Ulrike */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[File:UlrikeH.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Ulrike, 2012|Ulrike]]<br /> <br /> == Studies==<br /> <br /> Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main <br /><br /> L3 English and Biology <br /><br /> 5th semester <br /><br /> <br /> == Personal Interests ==<br /> <br /> * travelling<br /> * reading<br /> * listening to music<br /> <br /> <br /> == Research Interests ==<br /> <br /> * basic semantic relations<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Interesting Links ==<br /> <br /> *[[NMTS-Group2| Our group project]]<br /> *Goethe homepage: [http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/ http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/]<br/><br /> *[http://www.generalsemantics.org/the-general-semantics-learning-center/online-library/| The Institute of General Semantics - An Online Library]</div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=File:UlrikeH.jpg&diff=1921 File:UlrikeH.jpg 2012-11-06T00:40:19Z

<p>Ulrike: My place to be.</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> My place to be.<br /> == Licensing ==<br /> {{cc-by-nc-dn-3.0}}</div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=User:Ulrike&diff=1920 User:Ulrike 2012-11-06T00:38:30Z

<p>Ulrike: </p> <hr /> <div>== Ulrike==<br /> <br /> [[File:UlrikeH.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Ulrike, 2012|Ulrike]]<br /> <br /> == Studies==<br /> <br /> Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main <br /><br /> L3 English and Biology <br /><br /> 5th semester <br /><br /> <br /> == Personal Interests ==<br /> <br /> * travelling<br /> * reading<br /> * listening to music<br /> <br /> <br /> == Research Interests ==<br /> <br /> * basic semantic relations<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Interesting Links ==<br /> <br /> *[[NMTS-Group2| Our group project]]<br /> *Goethe homepage: [http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/ http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/]<br/><br /> *[http://www.generalsemantics.org/the-general-semantics-learning-center/online-library/| The Institute of General Semantics - An Online Library]</div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=Glossary:Hypernym&diff=1496 Glossary:Hypernym 2012-10-28T21:16:46Z

<p>Ulrike: </p> <hr /> <div>{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}<br /> <br /> <br /> = Hypernym =<br /> <br /> Pronunciation: ˈhʌɪpənɪm<br /> <br /> == Definition ==<br /> <br /> Hypernym is the linguistic term for a word that refers to a broad category or a general concept. Its meaning includes the meanings of other, more specific words. So, a hypernym is the superordinate term to several [[Glossary:Hyponym|hyponym]]s.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Example ==<br /> <br /> ''colour'' is a hypernym of red, green, blue <br><br /> ''red'' is a hypernym of scarlet, vermilion, carmine, and crimson <br><br /> ''vehicle'' is a hypernym of car, plane, train, bike <br><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Related terms ==<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Hyponym|hyponym]]<br /> * [[Glossary:Heteronym|heteronym]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References and links ==</div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=Glossary:Hypernym&diff=1495 Glossary:Hypernym 2012-10-28T21:16:27Z

<p>Ulrike: </p> <hr /> <div>{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}<br /> <br /> <br /> = Hypernym =<br /> <br /> Pronunciation: ˈhʌɪpənɪm<br /> <br /> == Definition ==<br /> <br /> Hypernym is the linguistic term for a word that refers to a broad category or a general concept. Its meaning includes the meanings of other, more specific words. So, a hypernym is the superordinate term to several [[Glossary:Hyponym|hyponym]].<br /> <br /> <br /> == Example ==<br /> <br /> ''colour'' is a hypernym of red, green, blue <br><br /> ''red'' is a hypernym of scarlet, vermilion, carmine, and crimson <br><br /> ''vehicle'' is a hypernym of car, plane, train, bike <br><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Related terms ==<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Hyponym|hyponym]]<br /> * [[Glossary:Heteronym|heteronym]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References and links ==</div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=Glossary:Hypernym&diff=1494 Glossary:Hypernym 2012-10-28T21:15:45Z

<p>Ulrike: </p> <hr /> <div>{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}<br /> <br /> <br /> = Hypernym =<br /> <br /> Pronunciation: ˈhʌɪpənɪm<br /> <br /> == Definition ==<br /> <br /> Hypernym is the linguistic term for a word that refers to a broad category or a general concept. Its meaning includes the meanings of other, more specific words, so that a hypernym is the superordinate term to several [[Glossary:Hyponym|hyponym]].<br /> <br /> <br /> == Example ==<br /> <br /> ''colour'' is a hypernym of red, green, blue <br><br /> ''red'' is a hypernym of scarlet, vermilion, carmine, and crimson <br><br /> ''vehicle'' is a hypernym of car, plane, train, bike <br><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Related terms ==<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Hyponym|hyponym]]<br /> * [[Glossary:Heteronym|heteronym]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References and links ==</div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=Glossary:Hypernym&diff=1493 Glossary:Hypernym 2012-10-28T21:04:05Z

<p>Ulrike: Created page with "{{MaterialUnderConstruction}} = Hypernym = Pronunciation: ˈhʌɪpənɪm == Definition == Hypernyms are words with a broad meaning constituting a category into which word..."</p> <hr /> <div>{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}<br /> <br /> <br /> = Hypernym =<br /> <br /> Pronunciation: ˈhʌɪpənɪm<br /> <br /> == Definition ==<br /> <br /> Hypernyms are words with a broad meaning constituting a category into which words with more specific meanings fall; a superordinate. Contrasted with [[Glossary:Hyponym|hyponym]].<br /> <br /> <br /> == Example ==<br /> <br /> ''colour'' is a hypernym of red, green, blue <br><br /> ''red'' is a hypernym of scarlet, vermilion, carmine, and crimson <br><br /> <br /> <br /> == Related terms ==<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Hyponym|hyponym]]<br /> * [[Glossary:Heteronym|heteronym]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References and links ==</div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=Basic_Glossary&diff=1492 Basic Glossary 2012-10-28T20:54:36Z

<p>Ulrike: /* H */</p> <hr /> <div>{{MaterialUnderConstruction}}<br /> <br /> (Back to the meeting of [[NMTS_Meeting_2|October 23, 2012]])<br /> <br /> = Glossary of Basic Semantic Terms =<br /> <br /> == A ==<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Ambiguity|'''ambiguity''']] ([[User:KimA]])<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Antonym|'''antonym''']] ([[User:Leo]])<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Anaphora|'''anaphora''']] ([[User:AnKA]])<br /> <br /> == B ==<br /> <br /> == C ==<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:contradiction|'''contradiction''']] ([[User:Katarzyna]])<br /> * [[Glossary:Complementarity|'''Complementarity''']] ([[User:VerenaS]])<br /> * [[Glossary:Connotation|'''Connotation''']] ([[User:Jennifer Borchert]])<br /> <br /> == D ==<br /> * [[Glossary:Denotation|'''Denotation''']] ([[User:Caterina]])<br /> <br /> == E ==<br /> <br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:entailment|'''entailment''']] ([[User:Nicki]])<br /> <br /> == F ==<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary: Formulae|'''formulae''']] ([[User:Elisabeth.krall]])<br /> <br /> == G ==<br /> <br /> == H ==<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Homograph|'''homograph''']] ([[User:Lorena]])<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Homonym|'''homonym''']] ([[User:FlorianB]])<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Homophony|'''homophony''']] ([[User:Anna]])<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Hyponym|'''hyponym''']] ([[User:Lisa]])<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Heteronym|'''heteronym''']] ([[User:moonhwa9113]])<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Hypernym|'''hypernym''']] ([[User:Ulrike]])<br /> <br /> == I ==<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Implicature|'''implicature''']] ([[User:Slc]])<br /> <br /> == J ==<br /> <br /> == K ==<br /> <br /> == L ==<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Lexical Ambiguity|'''lexical ambiguity''']] ([[User:KimA]])<br /> <br /> == M ==<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Meronymy|'''meronymy''']] ([[User:Anna P.]])<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Metaphor|'''metaphor''']] ([[User:Farzad]])<br /> <br /> == N ==<br /> <br /> == O ==<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Oxymoron|'''oxymoron''']] ([[User:Stephie R.]])<br /> <br /> == P ==<br /> * Polysemy ([[Polysemy| User:Marlene]])<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Paraphrase |Paraphrase]] ([[User:Katharina | Katharina]])<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:presupposition | Presupposition]] ([[User:Katharina_D | Katharina D.]])<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Prototype|'''prototype''']] ([[User:Lara]])<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary: Predicate|'''predicate''']] ([[User:Marthe]])<br /> <br /> == Q ==<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Quantifiers|'''quantifiers''']] ([[User:BorisL]])<br /> <br /> == R ==<br /> *'''[[Glossary:Register|register]]''' ([[User:Anna Böcher]])<br /> <br /> == S ==<br /> * [[Glossary:Sorts/Types|'''sorts/types''']] ([[User:IngoM]])<br /> <br /> == T ==<br /> <br /> == U ==<br /> <br /> == V ==<br /> <br /> == W ==<br /> <br /> == X ==<br /> <br /> == Y ==<br /> <br /> == Z ==</div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=User:Ulrike&diff=1488 User:Ulrike 2012-10-28T20:27:00Z

<p>Ulrike: </p> <hr /> <div>== Studies==<br /> <br /> Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main <br /><br /> L3 English and Biology <br /><br /> 5th semester <br /><br /> <br /> == Personal Interests ==<br /> <br /> * travelling<br /> * reading<br /> * listening to music<br /> <br /> <br /> == Research Interests ==<br /> <br /> * basic semantic relations<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Interesting Links ==<br /> <br /> *Goethe homepage: [http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/ http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/]<br/><br /> *[http://www.generalsemantics.org/the-general-semantics-learning-center/online-library/| The Institute of General Semantics - An Online Library]</div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=User:Ulrike&diff=1487 User:Ulrike 2012-10-28T20:26:42Z

<p>Ulrike: </p> <hr /> <div>== Studies==<br /> <br /> Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main<br /> L3 English and Biology <br /><br /> 5th semester <br /><br /> <br /> == Personal Interests ==<br /> <br /> * travelling<br /> * reading<br /> * listening to music<br /> <br /> <br /> == Research Interests ==<br /> <br /> * basic semantic relations<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Interesting Links ==<br /> <br /> *Goethe homepage: [http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/ http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/]<br/><br /> *[http://www.generalsemantics.org/the-general-semantics-learning-center/online-library/| The Institute of General Semantics - An Online Library]</div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=User:Ulrike&diff=1486 User:Ulrike 2012-10-28T20:24:40Z

<p>Ulrike: </p> <hr /> <div>== Studies==<br /> <br /> Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main<br /> L3 English and Biology <br /><br /> 5th semester <br /><br /> <br /> == Personal interests ==<br /> <br /> * travelling<br /> * reading<br /> * listening to music<br /> <br /> <br /> == Research interests ==<br /> <br /> * basic semantical relations<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Interesting links ==<br /> <br /> *Goethe homepage: [http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/ http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/]<br/><br /> *[http://www.generalsemantics.org/the-general-semantics-learning-center/online-library/| The Institute of General Semantics - An Online Library]</div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=User:Ulrike&diff=1485 User:Ulrike 2012-10-28T20:24:28Z

<p>Ulrike: </p> <hr /> <div>== Studies==<br /> <br /> Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main<br /> L3 English and Biology MAG<br /><br /> 5th semester <br /><br /> <br /> == Personal interests ==<br /> <br /> * travelling<br /> * reading<br /> * listening to music<br /> <br /> <br /> == Research interests ==<br /> <br /> * basic semantical relations<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Interesting links ==<br /> <br /> *Goethe homepage: [http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/ http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/]<br/><br /> *[http://www.generalsemantics.org/the-general-semantics-learning-center/online-library/| The Institute of General Semantics - An Online Library]</div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=User:Ulrike&diff=1484 User:Ulrike 2012-10-28T20:23:49Z

<p>Ulrike: </p> <hr /> <div>== Ulrike==<br /> <br /> '''Studies'''<br /><br /> Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main<br /> L3 English and Biology MAG<br /><br /> 5th semester <br /><br /> <br /> == Personal interests ==<br /> <br /> * travelling<br /> * reading<br /> * listening to music<br /> <br /> <br /> == Research interests ==<br /> <br /> * basic semantical relations<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Interesting links ==<br /> <br /> *Goethe homepage: [http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/ http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/]<br/><br /> *[http://www.generalsemantics.org/the-general-semantics-learning-center/online-library/| The Institute of General Semantics - An Online Library]</div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=User:Ulrike&diff=777 User:Ulrike 2012-10-22T20:15:30Z

<p>Ulrike: </p> <hr /> <div>= Ulrike's user page<br /> <br /> == Personal information<br /> My name is Ulrike and I am a participant of the seminar "New Media in Teaching Semantics".<br /> <br /> == Interesting links</div>

Ulrike https://www.lexical-resource-semantics.de/wiki/index.php?title=User:Ulrike&diff=776 User:Ulrike 2012-10-22T20:15:05Z

<p>Ulrike: Created page with "= Ulrike's user page == Personal information My name is Ulrike and I am a participant of the seminar "New Media in Teaching Semantics". == Interesting links"</p> <hr /> <div>= Ulrike's user page<br /> <br /> == Personal information<br /> My name is Ulrike and I am a participant of the seminar "New Media in Teaching Semantics".<br /> <br /> == Interesting links</div>

Ulrike