Exercise Presuppositions - Revision history

Suzanne at 14:47, 14 November 2013

2013-11-14T14:47:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:47, 14 November 2013
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	+ There exists a married woman.		+ There exists a married woman.


			</quiz>

			===Presupposition or entailment?===

			<quiz display=simple>

			{Is the '''B''' sentence a presupposition or an entailment of the '''A''' sentence?
			\|type="()"}
			\| presupposition \| entailment
			+- '''A''': Where is the man with the megaphone? '''B''': There is a man with a megaphone.
			\|\| Questions never have entailments, only assertions do. Also: A definite NP presupposes the existence (and uniqueness) of an individual with the described property.
			-+ '''A''': At least three students solved the problem. '''B''': At least two students solved the problem.
			\|\| The inference disappears if we negate '''A''', i.e., ''It is not true that at least three students solved the problem.'' does not allow us to infer '''B'''.
			+- '''A''': The Queen of England attended a cooking workshop. '''B''': There is a queen of England.
			\|\| Negation test: The '''B''' sentence can also be inferred from the negation of the '''A''' sentence (''The Queen of England did not attend a cooking workshop.''). Also: A definite NP has an existential presupposition.
			-+ '''A''': My dog Richard was killed in a car accident. '''B''': My dog Richard is dead.
			\|\| The negation test does not work here: The negation of '''A''' (''My dog Richard was not killed in a car accident.'') does not allow us to infer '''B'''. However, '''B''' is not cancellable: We cannot, without creating a contradiction, continue '''A''' by ''but, in fact, Richard isn't dead.''
			</quiz>

			===Types of presuppositions===


			<quiz display=simple>

			{The sentences in '''A''' presuppose the sentence '''B'''. Determine the type of presupposition.
			\|type="[]"}
			\| existential \| factive \| lexical \| structural \| non-factive \| counterfactual
			+----- '''A''': The fair boy shook his head. '''B''': There is a boy who is fair.
			\|\| Definite NPs make an existential presupposition.
			--+--- '''A''': I stopped eating meat. '''B''': I used to eat meat
			\|\| The presupposition trigger is the word ''stop''.
			---+-- '''A''': What movie did you end up watching last friday? '''B''': The addressee watched a movie last friday.
			\|\| Wh-questions presuppose that there is an instance of what is being asked for.
			--+-+- '''A''': I wish I wouldn't have eaten these delicious fries with extra ketchup, now I have to get changed. '''B''': The speaker has eaten these delicious fries with extra ketchup.
			\|\| ''wish'' presupposes the non-factivity of its complement.
			---+-+ '''A''': If I would not have eaten so much over the holidays I would still fit my favorite jeans. '''B''': The speaker has eaten so much over the holidays.
			\|\| The counterfactual ''if'' clause structurally triggers that the negation of the proposition in the ''if'' clause is presupposed.
			-++--- '''A''': Alex knew that Chris didn't call. '''B''': Chris didn't call.
			\|\| ''know'' is a factive verb, i.e., the truth of its complement is presupposed.
			---+-- '''A''': It was in the opera that I have lost my glasses. '''B''': I have lost my glasses somewhere.
			\|\| In an''it''-cleft the truth of the ''that''-clause is structurally presupposed.

	</quiz>		</quiz>

Manfred: /* Presuppositions */

2013-09-08T23:30:21Z

Presuppositions

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 - I do not like my tea with the amount of milk that is currently in the tea.
 || This is an implicature.
 </quiz>

Manfred: /* Presuppositions */

2013-09-08T23:26:34Z

Presuppositions

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	- Someone didn't wash up the dishes the last time they needed to be washed up.		- Someone didn't wash up the dishes the last time they needed to be washed up.
	\|\| If this can be inferred at all, it would be an implicature.		\|\| If this can be inferred at all, it would be an implicature.



	{ I want more milk for my tea!		{ I want more milk for my tea!

Manfred: /* Presuppositions */

2013-09-08T23:26:18Z

Presuppositions

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:26, 8 September 2013
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	{ I want more milk for my tea!		{ I want more milk for my tea!
	\|type="()"}		\|type="[]"}
	+ ~~Done~~		- I hate tea with milk.
	\|\| ~~The utterance "~~I want more milk for my tea~~!" has the following presuppostions:~~		\|\| This is not an inference of the given sentence at all.
	~~\|\| # Someone is~~ having tea.		+ I am having tea.
	~~\|\| #~~ Someone has already put milk in his/her tea.		\|\| A presupposition because it follows from the negation of the sentence as well: (''I don't want more milk for my tea'' +> ''I am having tea.'')
	\|\| # This ~~person doesn~~'t like ~~his/her~~ tea with the amount of milk that is currently in the tea.		+ Someone has already put milk in his/her tea.
	\|\| ~~# He/She prefers more milk in his/her tea~~.		\|\| This presupposition is triggered by ''more''.
			- I do not like my tea with the amount of milk that is currently in the tea.
			\|\| This is an implicature.

	</quiz>		</quiz>

Manfred: /* Presuppositions */

2013-09-08T23:21:32Z

Presuppositions

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:21, 8 September 2013
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	+ There are dishes that need to be washed up.		+ There are dishes that need to be washed up.
	- I do not have time to do the dishes.		- I do not have time to do the dishes.
	\| This inference would be an implicature.		\|\| This inference would be an implicature.
	+ The dishes needed to be washed up before.		+ The dishes needed to be washed up before.
	\|''this time'' triggers a presupposition, just as ''again'' does.		\|\|''this time'' triggers a presupposition, just as ''again'' does.
	- Someone didn't wash up the dishes the last time they needed to be washed up.		- Someone didn't wash up the dishes the last time they needed to be washed up.
	\| If this can be inferred at all, it would be an implicature.		\|\| If this can be inferred at all, it would be an implicature.

Manfred: /* Presuppositions */

2013-09-08T23:21:07Z

Presuppositions

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:21, 8 September 2013
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	{ Would you mind washing up the dishes this time?		{ Would you mind washing up the dishes this time?
	\|type="()"}		\|type="[]"}
	+ There are dishes that need to be washed up.		+ There are dishes that need to be washed up.
	- I do not have time to do the dishes.		- I do not have time to do the dishes.

Manfred: /* Presuppositions */

2013-09-08T23:20:15Z

Presuppositions

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:20, 8 September 2013
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	\| This inference would be an implicature.		\| This inference would be an implicature.
	+ The dishes needed to be washed up before.		+ The dishes needed to be washed up before.
	\|\|''this time'' triggers a presupposition, just as ''again'' does.		\|''this time'' triggers a presupposition, just as ''again'' does.
	- Someone didn't wash up the dishes the last time they needed to be washed up.		- Someone didn't wash up the dishes the last time they needed to be washed up.
	\|\| If this can be inferred at all, it would be an implicature.		\| If this can be inferred at all, it would be an implicature.

Manfred: /* Presuppositions */

2013-09-08T23:20:02Z

Presuppositions

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:20, 8 September 2013
Line 12:		Line 12:
	+ There are dishes that need to be washed up.		+ There are dishes that need to be washed up.
	- I do not have time to do the dishes.		- I do not have time to do the dishes.
	\|\| This inference would be an implicature.		\| This inference would be an implicature.
	+ The dishes needed to be washed up before.		+ The dishes needed to be washed up before.
	\|\|''this time'' triggers a presupposition, just as ''again'' does.		\|\|''this time'' triggers a presupposition, just as ''again'' does.

Manfred: /* Presuppositions */

2013-09-08T23:19:29Z

Presuppositions

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:19, 8 September 2013
Line 14:		Line 14:
	\|\| This inference would be an implicature.		\|\| This inference would be an implicature.
	+ The dishes needed to be washed up before.		+ The dishes needed to be washed up before.
			\|\|''this time'' triggers a presupposition, just as ''again'' does.
	- Someone didn't wash up the dishes the last time they needed to be washed up.		- Someone didn't wash up the dishes the last time they needed to be washed up.
	\|\| If this can be inferred at all, it would be an implicature.		\|\| If this can be inferred at all, it would be an implicature.

Manfred: /* Presuppositions */

2013-09-08T23:18:53Z

Presuppositions

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:18, 8 September 2013
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	- I do not have time to do the dishes.		- I do not have time to do the dishes.
	\|\| This inference would be an implicature.		\|\| This inference would be an implicature.
	+ ~~They were~~ dishes ~~that~~ needed to be washed up before.		+ The dishes needed to be washed up before.
	+ Someone didn't wash up the dishes the last time they needed to be washed up.		- Someone didn't wash up the dishes the last time they needed to be washed up.
	~~+ Someone else did wash up the dishes the last time they needed to~~ be ~~washed up~~.		\|\| If this can be inferred at all, it would be an implicature.