Mock exam, WiSe 2018/19 (Sailer): Difference between revisions

From Lexical Resource Semantics
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Revision as of 22:40, 11 February 2019

The examples in the text are based on Shakespeare's play Macbeth. The full text of the play is available on Projekt Gutenberg.

We will use J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter novels for the final exam this term.


Task 1: Ambiguity

Consider the following ambiguous sentences. For each of them, provide an unambiguous paraphrase for the possible readings.

(1) a. Duncan trusted Macbeth because he was a thane.

Check your answer

Reading 1: he refers to Macbeth. Paraphrase: Duncan trusted Macbeth because Macbeth was a thane.
Reading 2: he refers to Duncan. Paraphrase: Duncan trusted Macbeth because Duncan was a thane.

b. Every king trusts a thane.

Check your answer

Reading 1: every takes scope over a. Paraphrase: For every king there is at least one thane such that the king trusts that thane.
Reading 2: a takes scope over every. Paraphrase: There is one particular thane such that each king trusts this thane.

b. Macbeth and Macduff are married.

Check your answer

Reading 1: collective reading. Paraphrase: Macbeth and Macduff are married to each other
Reading 2: distributive reading. Paraphrase: Macbeth and Macduff are both married, but not to each other.

b. Macbeth killed a king with a dagger.

Check your answer

Reading 1: the PP with a dagger is a modifier of the verb kill Paraphrase: Macbeth used a dagger to kill a king.
Reading 2: the PP with a dagger is a modifier of the noun king. Paraphrase: Macbeth killed a king who had a dagger.

Task 2: Model and Interpretation

1. Define a universe that consists of Macbeth and Banquo.

Check your answer

U = { Macbeth, Banquo }

2. Define the interpretation of the names macbeth and banquo in an intuitively plausible way.

Check your answer

I(macbeth) = Macbeth,
I(banquo) = Banquo

3. Define the interpretation of the properties thane1, king1, and witch1 is such a way that Macbeth is a king, both are thanes and neither is a witch.

Check your answer

I(thane1) = {<Macbeth>, <Banquo>},
I(king1) = {<Macbeth>},
I(witch1) = {}

4. Define the interpretation of the 2-place relations mistrust2 and kill2 in such a way that Macbeth and Banquo mistrust each other and Macbeth kills Banquo.

Check your answer

I(mistrust2) = {<Macbeth, Banquo>, <Banquo, Mactbeth>},
I(kill2) = {<Macbeth,Banquo>}

Task 3: Formulae

Write down logical formulae that express the meaning of the following sentences.

1. Banquo is a thane.

Check your answer

thane1(banquo)

2. Macbeth is king and Macbeth mistrusts Banquo.

Check your answer

king1(macbeth) ∧ mistrust2(macbeth,banquo)

3. If Banquo is king then Macbeth does not kill Banquo.

Check your answer

king1(banquo) ⊃ ¬ kill2(macbeth,banquo)

Task 4: Interpreting formulae

Compute the interpretation of the following formulæ step by step.

1. mistrust2(macbeth,macbeth)

Check your answer

[[mistrust2(macbeth,macbeth)]] = 1
iff < [[macbeth]], [[macbeth]] > is in [[mistrust2]]
iff < I(macbeth), I(macbeth) > in I(mistrust2)
iff < Macbeth, Macbeth > in { <x,y> | x mistrusts y } = { <Macbeth, Banquo>, <Banquo, Macbeth> }

Since this is not the case, [[mistrust2(macbeth,macbeth)]] = 0.


2. ¬king(banquo)

Check your answer

[[¬ king1(banquo)]] = 1
iff [[king(banquo)]] = 0
iff < [[banquo]]> is not in [[king1]]
iff < I(banquo> is not in I(king1)
iff < Banquo > is not in { <x> | x is king } = { <Macbeth>}

Since this is the case, [[¬ king1(banquo)]] = 1


3. witch1(banquo) ⊃ king1(macbeth)

Check your answer

[[witch1(banquo) ⊃ king1(macbeth))]] = 1
iff [[witch1(banquo)]] = 0 or [[king1(macbeth) = 1
iff < [[banquo]] > is not in [[witch1]] or < [[macbeth]] > is in [[king1]]
iff < I(banquo) > is not in I(witch1) or < I(macbeth) > is in I(king1)
iff < Banquo > is not in { <x> | x is a witch} = { } or < Macbeth > is in { <x> | x is king} = { <Macbeth>}.

Since both are the case, [[witch1(banquo) ⊃ king1(macbeth))]] = 1.

Task 5: Variables

Provide a g-function that maps the variables x, y, and z to individuals from the universe and compute the interpretation of the following formula with respect to the model and your g.

(i) kill2(z,x)

Check your answer

Example solution (other values for g are equally possible).

g(x) = Macbeth,
g(y) = Banquo,
g(z) = Banquo.

With this variable assignment we can compute the truth value of the formula:

[[kill2(z,x)]]g = 1
iff < [[z]]g, [[x]]g > is in [[kill2]]g
iff < g(z), g(x) > is in I(kill2)
iff < Banquo, Macbeth > is in { <x,y> | x killed y} = { <Macbeth, Banquo> }.

Since this is not the case, [[kill2(z,x)]]g = 0.

Task 6: Quantifiers

Provide logical formulae that expresse the meaning of the following sentences. Are the formulae true in your model (not in the entire play)? Give a short reason (you don’t need to compute the truth value).

1. Banquo was killed by a king.

Check your answer

x (king(x) : kill(x, banquo))

The formula is true in my model, because there is only one king, Macbeth, and Macbeth killed Banquo.
(Note: The English sentence is in passive, but this has no effect on the logical form.)

2. Macbeth mistrusts every witch.

Check your answer

x (witch(x) : mistrust(macbeth, x))

The formula is true in my model, because there are no witches in my model. Therefore, the formula with the universal quantifier is trivially true.

Task 7: Analysis: Lexicon

Provide the lexical entries for the words in the sentence Banquo mistrusted Macbeth. Use the features PHON, HEAD, SUBJ, SPR, COMPS, DR, PARTS, and EX-CONT.

Check your answer

Banquo mistrusted Macbeth
PHON  < Banquo >  < mistrusted > < Macbeth >
HEAD  noun  verb noun
SUBJ  < >  < NP[DR [a]] > < >
SPR  < >  < > < >
COMPS  < >  < NP[DR [b]] > < >
DR   [x]   [c]mistrust2   [y]
EX-C   ??   ??   ??
PARTS  < [x]banquo  < [c]mistrust2, [c]([a],[b]) >   < [y]macbeth >

Task 8: Analysis: Syntactic structure and semantic combinatorics

Provide the full HPSG and LRS analysis of the sentence Banquo mistrusted Macbeth. Use the features PHON, HEAD, SUBJ, SPR, COMPS, DR, PARTS, and EX-CONT. You only need to mention the EX-CONT value at the highest node in the tree.

Check your answer

Tree structure:

Tree-BanquoMistrustedMacbeth.jpg


Banquo mistrusted Macbeth
[1] [2]
PHON  < [4] Banquo >  < [5] mistrusted > < [6] Macbeth >
HEAD  noun  [3] verb noun
SUBJ  < >  < [1] NP[DR [a]] > < >
SPR  < >  < > < >
COMPS  < >  < [2] NP[DR [b]] > < >
DR   [a]banquo   [c]mistrust2   [b]macbeth
EX-C   ??   [d]   ??
PARTS  <banquo  <mistrust2, mistrust2([a],[b]) >   <macbeth >


VP: mistrusted M. S: B. mistrusted M.
PHON  < [5], [6] >  < [4], [5], [6] >
HEAD   [3]   [3]
SUBJ  < [1] NP>  < >
SPR  < >  < >
COMPS  < >  < >
DR   [c]   [c]
EX-C   [d]   [d]
PARTS  <mistrust2, mistrust2([a],[b]) ,    <mistrust2, mistrust2([a],[b]),
  macbeth >   macbeth, banquo >

Task 8: Principles of syntax

1. How is the COMPS value of the VP determined by the lexical entries of the words and the principles of grammar?

Check your answer

The VP is licenced as a head-complement structure. The constraint on head-complement structures requires that the head daughter have a non-empty COMPS list and the mother have an empty COMPS list.
(It is also required that the non-head daughters are identical to the elements on the head daughter's COMPS list, but this is not relevant for the question at hand.)

2. How is it guaranteed that the PHON values of the words all appear in the PHON value of the sentence?

Check your answer

The Phonology Principle specifies that the PHON value of a mother is the concatenation of the PHON values of its daughter(s). Therefore, a element of the PHON value of a word in a sentence will always be part of the PHON values of every phrase that dominates this word. Since the overall sentence dominates all its component words, its PHON value comprises the PHON values of all words of this sentence.

3. How is it achieved that the HEAD value of the sentence is verb?

Check your answer

The HEAD value of the lexical verb, mistrust, is verb. In the VP, the lexical verb is the syntactic head of the phrase. According to the Head Feature Priniciple, the HEAD value of the mother node is the same as that of its head daughter, i.e., verb. Since this VP is the headdaughter of the sentence, the sentence's HEAD value should also be the same, i.e., verb again.

Task 9: General mechanisms of LRS

Explain how the following formulae are excluded from occurring as EX-CONT values of the sentence from Task 7.

(a) mistrust2(macbeth,banquo,banquo)

(b) mistrust2(banquo,banquo)

(c) macbeth(mistrust2,banquo)

(d) mistrust2(macbeth,banquo)

Check your answer

(a) The expression cannot be a possible logical form, because it is not a well-formed formula: the predicate mistrust can only combine with two arguments, not with three. (This is indicated with the element mistrust2(...,...).

(b) The formula does not use all expressions from the PARTS list: the expression macbeth is missing.

(c) macbeth denotes an individual , mistrust2 is a predicate. Therefore, macbeth cannot function as predicate, not can mistrust2 function as its argument.

(d) The subject, Banquo, should be linked to the first semantic argument slot of the predicate mistrust2 - analogously for the complement and the second argument slot of the predicate. This is specified in the lexical entry of the verb, where the DR values of the subject ([a]) and the complement ([b]) are identified with the first and the second argument slots of mistrust2 respectively.