WiSe 2020/21 (Sailer): Semantics 1: Difference between revisions

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* regular attendance
* regular attendance
* pass take home exam
* pass take home exam: '''Deadline: 8.3.''' (5.4.)
* Modulprüfung (optional): große Hausabeit (4 CP = 120h!!!) - please talk to me on time if you consider this option!
* Modulprüfung (optional): große Hausabeit (4 CP = 120h!!!) - please talk to me on time if you consider this option! '''Deadline: 10.5.'''


== MSc Wirtschaftspädagogik ==
== MSc Wirtschaftspädagogik ==
Line 54: Line 54:


* regular attendance
* regular attendance
* pass all assignment sheets
* pass take home exam
* literary scenario:  
* literary scenario:  
:: Part 1: Extract 15 ambiguous sentences from the text such that all types of ambiguity covered in class are represented provide unambiguous paraphrases of the readings determine the type of ambiguity
:: Part 1: Extract 15 ambiguous sentences from the text such that all types of ambiguity covered in class are represented provide unambiguous paraphrases of the readings determine the type of ambiguity
Line 61: Line 61:
::: Formulate 2 atomic formulae and compute their truth value.
::: Formulate 2 atomic formulae and compute their truth value.
::: Formulate 4 complex formulae with at least 1 logical connective in each and compute their truth value.  
::: Formulate 4 complex formulae with at least 1 logical connective in each and compute their truth value.  
::: Formulate 1 complex formula with at least 2 logical connectives in
::: Formulate 1 complex formula with at least 2 logical connectives in it and compute its truth value.
it and compute its truth value.
 
'''Deadline: 8.3.''' (-> 5.4.)


== BA Empirische Sprachwissenschaft ==
== BA Empirische Sprachwissenschaft ==
Line 69: Line 70:


* regular attendance
* regular attendance
* Modulprüfung (obligatory): 90min. written exam:  '''11.2., 8.15-9.45'''
* Modulprüfung (obligatory): '''take home exam'''<!-- 90min. written exam:  '''11.2., 8.15-9.45''' -->
 
'''Deadline: 8.3.''' (-> 5.4.)


=== En 4.1 ===
=== En 4.1 ===


''not possible'': You have done this course as part of K6.1, so you can directly do ''constraint-based Semantics 2''.
If you have to do K6.1: ''not possible'': You have done this course as part of K6.1, so you can directly do ''constraint-based Semantics 2''.
Otherwise:
* regular attendance
* pass take home exam
* literary scenario:
:: Part 1: Extract 15 ambiguous sentences from the text such that all types of ambiguity covered in class are represented provide unambiguous paraphrases of the readings determine the type of ambiguity
:: Part 2:
::: Define a formal model consisting of 3 characters from your text, which contains 2 properties, 1 2-place relation
::: Formulate 2 atomic formulae and compute their truth value.
::: Formulate 4 complex formulae with at least 1 logical connective in each and compute their truth value.
::: Formulate 1 complex formula with at least 2 logical connectives in it and compute its truth value.


=== DH 6.1 ===
=== DH 6.1 ===
Line 79: Line 92:
''not possible'': You have done this course as part of K6.1, so you can directly do ''constraint-based Semantics 2''.
''not possible'': You have done this course as part of K6.1, so you can directly do ''constraint-based Semantics 2''.


== Erasmus 6 CP ==
== Optionalbereich ==


Teilnahmenachweis with 3CP, no grade:
* regular attendance
* regular attendance
* pass the assignment sheet
* all attendance tasks
* 90min. written exam:  '''11.2., 8.15-9.45'''
* small literary scenario:
* small literary scenario:
:: Part 1: Extract 4 ambiguous sentences from the text such that different types of ambiguity covered in class are represented provide unambiguous paraphrases of the readings determine the type of ambiguity
:: Part 1: Extract 4 ambiguous sentences from the text such that different types of ambiguity covered in class are represented provide unambiguous paraphrases of the readings determine the type of ambiguity
Line 92: Line 105:
::: Formulate 1 complex formula with at least 2 logical connectives in it and compute its truth value.
::: Formulate 1 complex formula with at least 2 logical connectives in it and compute its truth value.


The grade will be determined by the result of the written exam.
'''Deadline: 8.3.''' (-> 5.4.)
 
== Erasmus ==
 
=== Erasmus 6ECTS/CP with grade ===
* regular attendance
* graded take home exam
* small literary scenario:
:: Part 1: Extract 4 ambiguous sentences from the text such that different types of ambiguity covered in class are represented provide unambiguous paraphrases of the readings determine the type of ambiguity
:: Part 2:
::: Define a formal model consisting of 3 characters from your text, which contains 2 properties, 1 2-place relation
::: Formulate 2 atomic formulae and compute their truth value.
::: Formulate 2 complex formulae with at least 1 logical connective in each and compute their truth value.
::: Formulate 1 complex formula with at least 2 logical connectives in it and compute its truth value.
 
The grade will be determined by the result of the take home exam.
 
'''If you need your grade fast, submit as soon as possible!!!'''
'''Latest deadline: 8.3.''' (-> 5.4.)
 
=== Erasmus 3ECTS/CP no grade ===
* regular attendance
* all attendance tasks
* small literary scenario:
:: Part 1: Extract 4 ambiguous sentences from the text such that different types of ambiguity covered in class are represented provide unambiguous paraphrases of the readings determine the type of ambiguity
:: Part 2:
::: Define a formal model consisting of 3 characters from your text, which contains 2 properties, 1 2-place relation
::: Formulate 2 atomic formulae and compute their truth value.
::: Formulate 2 complex formulae with at least 1 logical connective in each and compute their truth value.
::: Formulate 1 complex formula with at least 2 logical connectives in it and compute its truth value.
 
'''If you need your results fast, submit as soon as possible!!!'''
'''Latest deadline: 8.3.''' (-> 5.4.)
 
= Meeting 10 =
 
== Basic combinatorics: Canonical examples ==
 
(the following exercises are adapted from the textbook material to [[Exercise-ch5#Basic_combinatorics:_Canonical_examples|Chapter 5]].
 
<quiz display=simple>
 
{Sentence: ''Pat snored.''<br />Logical form: '''snore'''('''pat''')<br />
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?
|type="[]"}
|'''pat''' &brvbar; | '''snore''' &brvbar;| __ ( __ )
+-- ''Pat''
-++ ''snored''
 
 
{Sentence: ''Pat likes Chris.''<br />Logical form: '''like'''('''pat''','''chris''')<br />
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?
|type="[]"}
|'''pat''' &brvbar;| '''chris''' &brvbar;| '''like''' &brvbar;| __ ( __ , __ )
+--- ''Pat''
--++ ''likes''
-+-- ''Chris''
 
</quiz>
 
== Possible EX-CONT values ==
 
Given the following PARTS lists, what are possible EX-CONT values (if we do not assume other restrictions)
 
1. PARTS < '''pat''', '''alex''','''like''', __ (__,__) >
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
'''like'''('''pat''','''alex''')<br>
'''like'''('''alex''','''pat''')
</div></div>
 
 
2. PARTS < '''alex''','''snore''', __(__), &not;(__) >
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&not;('''snore'''('''alex'''))
</div></div>
 
 
3. PARTS < '''alex''','''alex''','''snore''' >
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
There is no possible EX-CONT value because the three elements on the PARTS list cannot be combined.
</div></div>
 
 
 
3. PARTS < '''alex''','''alex''','''snore''', __ (__) >
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
'''snore'''('''alex''')
</div></div>
 
4. PARTS < '''alex''','''alex''','''snore''', __ (__), __ &and; __ >
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
'''snore'''('''alex''') &and; '''snore'''('''alex''')
</div></div>
 
= Meeting 9 =
The following video (21') introduces the way we will write down lexical entries in our course.
 
<embedvideo service="youtube" dimensions="400">
https://youtu.be/impaNluIyNM
</embedvideo>
 
The next video shows the HPSG analysis of sentences (38').
 
<embedvideo service="youtube" dimensions="400">https://youtu.be/7lLWmA_cmy4</embedvideo>
<!-- old video with less optimal audio: http://youtu.be/b0iLejXP9C8 -->
 
= Meeting 8 =
 
Watch the following video (33') on the basic step in a syntactic analysis as we need it in our course.
 
<embedvideo service="youtube" dimensions="400">
https://youtu.be/IN3VsH3Jn1o
</embedvideo>
 
The next video (14') introduces the way we talk about syntactic trees. Please watch it.
 
<embedvideo service="youtube" dimensions="400">
https://youtu.be/57TfLZJQgCM
</embedvideo>
 
= Meeting 7 =
== Video ==
 
Watch the following video on logical determiners:
 
<embedvideo service="youtube" dimensions="400">http://youtu.be/5PRL23XcaFY</embedvideo>
<!-- old video with less optimal audio: http://youtu.be/b0iLejXP9C8 -->
 
== Exercises ==
 
After having watched the video, work on the following tasks.
 
'''Task 1''' Identify the determiners in the following sentence.
 
(a) Juliet talked to some stranger at the party.
 
(b) Every Capulet is an enemy to some Montague.
 
(c) Many people in Verona are not happy about the Capulet-Montague feud.
 
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your solutions here:
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
(a) ''some''
 
(b) ''every'', ''some''
 
(c) ''many''</div>
</div>
 
 
 
'''Task 2''' Identify the formula that corresponds to the translation of the sentence.
 
<quiz display=simple>
 
{''Some Montague who was at the party fell in love with Juliet.''
|type="()"}
- &exist;''x'' ('''montague<sub>1</sub>'''(''x'') : ('''at-party<sub>1</sub>'''(''x'') &and; '''fall-in-love-with<sub>2</sub>'''(''x'','''juliet''')))
|| In restricted quantifier notation, the "complete" semantic representation of the noun phrase (NP) appears in the restrictor (-> square brackets).
+ &exist;''x'' (('''montague<sub>1</sub>'''(''x'') &and; '''at-party<sub>1</sub>'''(''x'')) : '''fall-in-love-with<sub>2</sub>'''(''x'','''juliet'''))
- &exist;''x'' ('''montague<sub>1</sub>'''(''x'') : ('''at-party<sub>1</sub>'''(''x'') &and; '''fall-in-love-with<sub>2</sub>'''(''x'','''juliet'''))
|| In restricted quantifier notation, the semantic representation of the noun phrase (NP) appears in the restrictor.
- &exist;''x'' (('''montague<sub>1</sub>'''(''x'') &and; '''fall-in-love-with<sub>2</sub>'''(''x'','''juliet''')) : '''at-party<sub>1</sub>'''(''x''))
|| In restricted quantifier notation, the semantic representation of the noun phrase (NP) appears in the restrictor, that of the VP in the scope.
 
</quiz>
 
'''Task 3''' The sentence: ''Some Tybalt loved some Montague.'' is translated into the formula<br>&exist; y ('''montague<sub>1</sub>'''(''y'') : '''love<sub>2</sub>'''('''tybalt''',''y'').
 
<quiz display=simple>
{Mark all the cells in the table that stand for a true statement.
|type="[]"}
| '''montague<sub>1</sub>'''(''y'') <span style="color:white">zwisch</span>| '''love<sub>2</sub>'''('''tybalt''',''y'')<span style="color:white">zwisch</span>
+- ''Romeo''
+- ''Mercutio''
-- ''Juliet''
-- ''Tybalt''
-- ''Laurence''
-- ''Paris''
</quiz>
 
Given this table, is the overall formula true or false? (Give a reason for your answer.)
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your solutions here:
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
The formula is false, because there is no individual in our model for which both the restrictor and the scope are true.
</div>
</div>
 
= Meeting 6 =
 
Homework from week 6 (preparation for week 7): Watch the video on logical determiners.
 
<embedvideo service="youtube" dimensions="400">http://youtu.be/5PRL23XcaFY</embedvideo>
<!-- old video with less optimal audio: http://youtu.be/b0iLejXP9C8 -->
 
= Meeting 5 =
== Formulae with one connective ==
 
<!-- ''('''Note:''' the videos contain connectives that we have not talked about in class yet!)'' -->
 
The following video presents the step-by-step computation of the truth value of two formulae with connectives.
The example uses a model based on Shakespeare's play ''Macbeth''.
The two formulae are:
* '''&not; king(lady-macbeth)'''
* '''king(duncan) &or; king(lady-macbeth)'''
 
<embedvideo service="youtube" dimensions="400">http://youtu.be/ABXPMzHFYxU</embedvideo>
<!-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K14D7VllA8M -->
 
== Formulae with two connectives ==
 
The next video shows how the truth value of a more complex formula can be computed. The example contains two connectives:
 
'''kill(malcom,lady-macbeth) &or; &not;thane(macbeth)'''
 
The video shows two different methods: top down and bottom up.
 
<embedvideo service="youtube" dimensions="400">http://youtu.be/C1rjU104R54</embedvideo>
 
The next video shows how the truth value of a more complex formula can be computed. The example contains two connectives:
 
'''kill(malcom,lady-macbeth) &or; &not;thane(macbeth)'''
 
The video shows two different methods: top down and bottom up.
 
<embedvideo service="youtube" dimensions="400">http://youtu.be/C1rjU104R54</embedvideo>
 
== Truth tables ==
 
Truth tables are also useful to compute the truth value of complex formulae.
This is shown in the following podcast, created by [[User:Lisa|Lisa Günthner]].
 
<embedvideo service="youtube" dimensions="400">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWdltj5Mqdc</embedvideo>
 
== Variable assignment funcion ==
 
'''Task''' Variable assignment function<br>
Start with the following variable assigment function ''g'':
''g(u) = Romeo, g(v) = Juliet, g(w) = Romeo, g(x) = Laurence, g(y) = Mercutio, g(z) = Juliet''
 
Provide the changed variable assignment function ''g''[''v/Paris''].
 
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your solutions here:
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
''g''[''v/Paris'']''(u)'' = ''g(u)'' = ''Romeo''<br>''g''[''v/Paris'']''(v)'' = ''Paris''<br>''g''[''v/Paris'']''(w)'' = ''g(w)'' = ''Romeo''<br>''g''[''v/Paris'']''(x)'' = ''g(x)'' = ''Laurence''<br>''g''[''v/Paris'']''(y)'' = ''g(y)'' = ''Mercutio''<br>''g''[''v/Paris'']''(z)'' = ''g(z)'' = ''Juliet''
</div>
</div>
 
= Meeting 4 =
 
== Computing the truth value of complex formulae ==
 
=== Connectives ===
 
<!-- ''('''Note:''' the videos contain connectives that we have not talked about in class yet!)'' -->
 
The following video presents the step-by-step computation of the truth value of two formulae with connectives.
The example uses a model based on Shakespeare's play ''Macbeth''.
The two formulae are:
* '''&not; king(lady-macbeth)'''
* '''king(duncan) &or; king(lady-macbeth)'''
 
<embedvideo service="youtube" dimensions="400">http://youtu.be/ABXPMzHFYxU</embedvideo>
<!-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K14D7VllA8M -->
 
 
 
<hr>
Back to the [[Semantics_1,_WiSe_2018/19_(Sailer)|course page]].
 
= Meeting 3 =
 
== Computing the truth value of atomic formulae ==
 
 
The following video presents the step-by-step computation of the truth value of two atomic formulae.
The example uses a model based on Shakespeare's play ''Macbeth''.
The two formulae are:
* '''kill2(macbeth,duncan)'''
* '''kill2(lady-macbeth,macbeth)'''
 
<embedvideo service="youtube" dimensions="400">http://youtu.be/8HGCB9urmbg</embedvideo>
 
= Meeting 2 =
 
 
== Our literary scenario ==
 
Literary scenario for this course: book and movie series ''Harry Potter'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter
 
== Why it is too difficult to go directly from language to the world ==
 
The following architecture is extremely useful when talking about semantics:
 
# A natural language expressions: ''Harry meets Hagrid.''
# ... is mapped to some expression from a formal language (here: predicate logic): '''meet2'''('''harry''','''hagrid''')
# This logical expression is then interpreted with respect to our scenario/world: The formula '''meet2'''('''harry''','''hagrid''') is true, because, in our scenario, Harry meets Hagrid.
 
The following properties of natural language make it useful to use the intermediate step of a logical language:
# The same expression can have different meanings (ambiguity).
# Different expressions can have the same meaning (synonyms, paraphrases)
 
Find examples for the above-mentioned properties (ambiguity, synonymy, paraphrases).
 
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answers
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
1. one form, two meaingns: Ambiguity: (see earlier in this meeting and the slides of last week's meeting)
 
1.a Ambiguous words: ''date'' (fruit or point in time); ''bank'' (financial institute or bank of a river)
 
1.b. Ambiguous sentences: ''Sycorax and Prospero were stranded on the island with their children.''
 
2. two forms, one meaning:
 
2.a Synonymous words: ''couch'' - ''sofa''; ''instant'' - ''moment''
 
2.b Paraphrases:
* active-passive pairs: ''Prospero set Ariel free.'' - ''Ariel was set free by Prospero.''
* cleft sentences: ''Prospero set Ariel free.'' - ''It was Prospero who set Ariel free.''
* different ways to express a possessor: ''Sycorax was the first inhabitant of the island.'' and ''Sycorax was the island's first inhabitant.''
</div>
</div>
 
== Towards a formal model ==
 
 
=== First steps ===
 
{{CreatedByStudents1213}} Involved participants: [[User:Lisa| Lisa]], [[User:Marthe| Marthe]], [[User:Elisabeth.krall| Elisabeth]], [[User:IsaB|Isabelle]].
 
You can think of building a formal model like being the producer of a film who has to collect everything that should be included in the film.
 
Here is a very simple story from which we can derive an example model.
 
<embedvideo service="youtube" dimensions="400">http://youtu.be/4a3mXelw7H4</embedvideo>
 
<quiz display="simple">
{Mark those elements that we need in a model.
|type="[]"}
+ relations
|| Yes. We use relations to express what is true between various individuals. For example the relation ''grandmother-of''.
+ individuals
||Yes. In the video, we have three individuals, ''Red Riding Hood'', ''Grandmother'', and ''Wolf''.
- nouns
|| nouns are a syntactic category and as such part of the language, not of the "world".
+ properties
||Yes. The video mentions some properties such as having a red hood.
- relatives
|| (this is a nonsense alternative)
</quiz>
 
 
<quiz display="simple">
{What is the status of the following entities in the video on Little Red Riding Hood?
|type="[]"}
|individual|property|relation
+-- ''Red Riding Hood''
-+- ''lives in the forest''
+-- ''Grandmother''
--+ ''is afternoon snack for''
-+- ''has a red hood''
-+- ''has a big mouth''
--+ ''is grandmother of''
</quiz>
 
== The universe and name symbols ==
 
'''Task:''' Assume '''three''' individuals from our ''Harry Potter''-scenario.
 
Formally we collect the individuals of our model in a so-called ''universe'' (''U''). For the fairy-tale story, we can define the universe as follows:
 
''U'' = {''Redridinghood'', ''Grandmother'', ''Wolf''}
 
Do a similar definition for your own scenario.
 
We can introduce ''name symbols'' for some of our individuals. For example: '''redridinghood''', '''grandmother''', '''wolf'''.
 
We link the name symbols to the individuals in our modal. To do this, we introduce the '''interpretation function'''. We will written the interpretation function as as ''I''.<br />This function can be defined in the following way:
 
''I''('''grandmother''') = '''Grandmother'''<br />''I''('''redridinghood''') = ''Red Riding Hood''<br />''I''('''wolf''') = ''Wolf''<br />
 
<!--
=== Relations and predicate symbols ===
 
In the fairy-tale scenario we express a relation between Little Red Riding Hood and the Wolf, namely that Little Red Riding Hood is the Wolf's afternoon snack. To formalize this, we collect all '''pairs''' of individuals which are such that the first element in the pair is the afternoon snack of the second. '''Note:''' A ''pair'' is written in between pointy brackets.
 
 
Formally we can write this down as follows:<br />
{< ''x'', ''y'' > | ''x'' is ''y'' 's afternoon snack} = { < ''Redridinghood'', ''Wolf'' >, < ''Grandmother'', ''Redriding hood'' >.}
 
We can also assume empty relations:
 
{< ''x'', ''y'' > | ''x'' is ''y'' 's father } = { }
 
 
Note, if a relation works both ways, two pairs must be added:
 
{< ''x'', ''y'' > | ''x'' talks with ''y''} = { <''Redridinghood'', ''Wolf'' >, < ''Wolf'', ''Redridinghood'' >}
 
 
Just like with names, we want to have symbols that we can use in the logical language. For our example, let's take the predicate symbols '''afternoon-snack-of_2''' and '''father-of_2''', and '''talks-with_2'''. (The number 2 indicates that the interpretation consists of pairs, not just of single individual) There interpretation is defined as follows:<br>
 
''I''('''afternoon-snack-of_2''') = { < ''x'', ''y'' > | ''x'' is ''y'' 's afternoon snack } = {  <''Redridinghood'', ''Wolf'' >, <''Grandmother'', ''Wolf'' > }.
 
'''Task:''' For each of your properties, invent an appropriate ''predicate symbol''. Define its interpretation.
-->
 
== Properties and predicate symbols ==
 
A property is a specification that either holds of an individual or not. In the little story, having a big mouth is a property of the Wolf, but of noone else in the story. Being female holds of both Little Red Riding Hood and the Grandmother.
 
We can think of a property as the set of individuals that have this property. Under this view, the property of being female would be the set {''Redridinghood'', ''Grandmother''}.
 
Alternatively it is convenient to think of properties as '''1-place relations'''. Under this view, the property of being female would be a set of lists of length 1. This is what the property of being female then looks like:  { <''Redridinghood''>, <''Grandmother''> }
 
'''Task:''' Using your ''Game of Thrones'' universe, define ''two'' properties in the format of 1-place relations.
 
Just like before, we want to have symbols that we can use in the logical language. For our example, let's take the predicate symbols '''female_1''' and '''has-big-mouth_1'''. There interpretation is defined as follows:<br>
 
''I''('''female_1''') = { < ''x'' > | ''x'' is female } = {  <''Redridinghood''>, <''Grandmother''> }.
 
'''Task:''' For each of your properties, invent an appropriate ''predicate symbol''. Define its interpretation.
 
= Meeting 1 =
 
Literary scenario of our class: '''Harry Potter'''
 
Check the plot summaries of the books/movies for example on wikipedia:
* volume 1: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone book], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone_(film) movie]
* volume 2: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets book], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets_(film) movie]
* volume 3: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban book], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film) movie]
* volume 4: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire book], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire_(film) movie]
* volume 5: [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix book], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix_(film) movie]
* volume 6: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince book], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince_(film) movie]
* volume 7: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows book], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%E2%80%93_Part_1 movie 1], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%E2%80%93_Part_2 movie 2]

Latest revision as of 07:52, 16 February 2021

General information

Please register at the olat course before the first meeting to get the information on the virtual meeting room!

Course description

Semantics is the study of the (literal) meaning of words and sentences. The meaning of a sentence is usually predictable from the words in the sentence and its syntactic structure. Yet, this relationship between form and meaning is not a simple one-to-one mapping. Instead, it is rich in ambiguities, pleonastic marking and elements without any identifiable meaning contribution. We will work on an account that is founded on classical tools of semantic research but still directly addresses these empirical challenges. After the class, the participants will be able to identify - and partly analyze - interesting semantic phenomena in naturally occurring texts. They will have acquired a basic working knowledge in formal logic, which they will be able to apply in the description of meaning

Time and place

  • Tuesday 08:15-9.45
  • Starting: 3.11.2020
  • online via zoom

Olat course

Direct link: https://olat-ce.server.uni-frankfurt.de/olat/auth/RepositoryEntry/8836120582
Password: Sailer-WiSe2021

Modules

  • Lehramt Englisch (L2/5, L3): FW 2A, FW 2B
  • BA English Studies: 3.4(1)
  • BA Empirische Sprachwissenschaft: K 6.1

Contact

Manfred Sailer
e-mail: sailer@em.uni-frankfurt.de
office: IG 3.214
office hours: contact via e-mail!
www: http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~sailer/index.htm

Course requirements

L2 and L5

  • regular attendance
  • pass take home exam
  • Modulprüfung (optional): grade on take home exam

L3

  • regular attendance
  • pass take home exam: Deadline: 8.3. (5.4.)
  • Modulprüfung (optional): große Hausabeit (4 CP = 120h!!!) - please talk to me on time if you consider this option! Deadline: 10.5.

MSc Wirtschaftspädagogik

  • regular attendance
  • pass take home exam
  • Modulprüfung: short term paper (9-11 pages, 1 CP) <- not ideal

BA English Studies

  • regular attendance
  • pass take home exam
  • literary scenario:
Part 1: Extract 15 ambiguous sentences from the text such that all types of ambiguity covered in class are represented provide unambiguous paraphrases of the readings determine the type of ambiguity
Part 2:
Define a formal model consisting of 3 characters from your text, which contains 2 properties, 1 2-place relation
Formulate 2 atomic formulae and compute their truth value.
Formulate 4 complex formulae with at least 1 logical connective in each and compute their truth value.
Formulate 1 complex formula with at least 2 logical connectives in it and compute its truth value.

Deadline: 8.3. (-> 5.4.)

BA Empirische Sprachwissenschaft

K 6.1

  • regular attendance
  • Modulprüfung (obligatory): take home exam

Deadline: 8.3. (-> 5.4.)

En 4.1

If you have to do K6.1: not possible: You have done this course as part of K6.1, so you can directly do constraint-based Semantics 2. Otherwise:

  • regular attendance
  • pass take home exam
  • literary scenario:
Part 1: Extract 15 ambiguous sentences from the text such that all types of ambiguity covered in class are represented provide unambiguous paraphrases of the readings determine the type of ambiguity
Part 2:
Define a formal model consisting of 3 characters from your text, which contains 2 properties, 1 2-place relation
Formulate 2 atomic formulae and compute their truth value.
Formulate 4 complex formulae with at least 1 logical connective in each and compute their truth value.
Formulate 1 complex formula with at least 2 logical connectives in it and compute its truth value.

DH 6.1

not possible: You have done this course as part of K6.1, so you can directly do constraint-based Semantics 2.

Optionalbereich

Teilnahmenachweis with 3CP, no grade:

  • regular attendance
  • all attendance tasks
  • small literary scenario:
Part 1: Extract 4 ambiguous sentences from the text such that different types of ambiguity covered in class are represented provide unambiguous paraphrases of the readings determine the type of ambiguity
Part 2:
Define a formal model consisting of 3 characters from your text, which contains 2 properties, 1 2-place relation
Formulate 2 atomic formulae and compute their truth value.
Formulate 2 complex formulae with at least 1 logical connective in each and compute their truth value.
Formulate 1 complex formula with at least 2 logical connectives in it and compute its truth value.

Deadline: 8.3. (-> 5.4.)

Erasmus

Erasmus 6ECTS/CP with grade

  • regular attendance
  • graded take home exam
  • small literary scenario:
Part 1: Extract 4 ambiguous sentences from the text such that different types of ambiguity covered in class are represented provide unambiguous paraphrases of the readings determine the type of ambiguity
Part 2:
Define a formal model consisting of 3 characters from your text, which contains 2 properties, 1 2-place relation
Formulate 2 atomic formulae and compute their truth value.
Formulate 2 complex formulae with at least 1 logical connective in each and compute their truth value.
Formulate 1 complex formula with at least 2 logical connectives in it and compute its truth value.

The grade will be determined by the result of the take home exam.

If you need your grade fast, submit as soon as possible!!! Latest deadline: 8.3. (-> 5.4.)

Erasmus 3ECTS/CP no grade

  • regular attendance
  • all attendance tasks
  • small literary scenario:
Part 1: Extract 4 ambiguous sentences from the text such that different types of ambiguity covered in class are represented provide unambiguous paraphrases of the readings determine the type of ambiguity
Part 2:
Define a formal model consisting of 3 characters from your text, which contains 2 properties, 1 2-place relation
Formulate 2 atomic formulae and compute their truth value.
Formulate 2 complex formulae with at least 1 logical connective in each and compute their truth value.
Formulate 1 complex formula with at least 2 logical connectives in it and compute its truth value.

If you need your results fast, submit as soon as possible!!! Latest deadline: 8.3. (-> 5.4.)

Meeting 10

Basic combinatorics: Canonical examples

(the following exercises are adapted from the textbook material to Chapter 5.

1 Sentence: Pat snored.
Logical form: snore(pat)
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?

pat ¦ snore ¦ __ ( __ )
Pat
snored

2 Sentence: Pat likes Chris.
Logical form: like(pat,chris)
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?

pat ¦ chris ¦ like ¦ __ ( __ , __ )
Pat
likes
Chris


Possible EX-CONT values

Given the following PARTS lists, what are possible EX-CONT values (if we do not assume other restrictions)

1. PARTS < pat, alex,like, __ (__,__) >

Check your answer

like(pat,alex)
like(alex,pat)


2. PARTS < alex,snore, __(__), ¬(__) >

Check your answer

¬(snore(alex))


3. PARTS < alex,alex,snore >

Check your answer

There is no possible EX-CONT value because the three elements on the PARTS list cannot be combined.


3. PARTS < alex,alex,snore, __ (__) >

Check your answer

snore(alex)

4. PARTS < alex,alex,snore, __ (__), __ ∧ __ >

Check your answer

snore(alex) ∧ snore(alex)

Meeting 9

The following video (21') introduces the way we will write down lexical entries in our course.

The next video shows the HPSG analysis of sentences (38').

Meeting 8

Watch the following video (33') on the basic step in a syntactic analysis as we need it in our course.

The next video (14') introduces the way we talk about syntactic trees. Please watch it.

Meeting 7

Video

Watch the following video on logical determiners:

Exercises

After having watched the video, work on the following tasks.

Task 1 Identify the determiners in the following sentence.

(a) Juliet talked to some stranger at the party.

(b) Every Capulet is an enemy to some Montague.

(c) Many people in Verona are not happy about the Capulet-Montague feud.

Check your solutions here:

(a) some

(b) every, some

(c) many


Task 2 Identify the formula that corresponds to the translation of the sentence.

Some Montague who was at the party fell in love with Juliet.

x (montague1(x) : (at-party1(x) ∧ fall-in-love-with2(x,juliet)))
x ((montague1(x) ∧ at-party1(x)) : fall-in-love-with2(x,juliet))
x (montague1(x) : (at-party1(x) ∧ fall-in-love-with2(x,juliet))
x ((montague1(x) ∧ fall-in-love-with2(x,juliet)) : at-party1(x))


Task 3 The sentence: Some Tybalt loved some Montague. is translated into the formula
∃ y (montague1(y) : love2(tybalt,y).

Mark all the cells in the table that stand for a true statement.

montague1(y) zwisch love2(tybalt,y)zwisch
Romeo
Mercutio
Juliet
Tybalt
Laurence
Paris


Given this table, is the overall formula true or false? (Give a reason for your answer.)

Check your solutions here:

The formula is false, because there is no individual in our model for which both the restrictor and the scope are true.

Meeting 6

Homework from week 6 (preparation for week 7): Watch the video on logical determiners.

Meeting 5

Formulae with one connective

The following video presents the step-by-step computation of the truth value of two formulae with connectives. The example uses a model based on Shakespeare's play Macbeth. The two formulae are:

  • ¬ king(lady-macbeth)
  • king(duncan) ∨ king(lady-macbeth)

Formulae with two connectives

The next video shows how the truth value of a more complex formula can be computed. The example contains two connectives:

kill(malcom,lady-macbeth) ∨ ¬thane(macbeth)

The video shows two different methods: top down and bottom up.

The next video shows how the truth value of a more complex formula can be computed. The example contains two connectives:

kill(malcom,lady-macbeth) ∨ ¬thane(macbeth)

The video shows two different methods: top down and bottom up.

Truth tables

Truth tables are also useful to compute the truth value of complex formulae. This is shown in the following podcast, created by Lisa Günthner.

Variable assignment funcion

Task Variable assignment function
Start with the following variable assigment function g: g(u) = Romeo, g(v) = Juliet, g(w) = Romeo, g(x) = Laurence, g(y) = Mercutio, g(z) = Juliet

Provide the changed variable assignment function g[v/Paris].

Check your solutions here:

g[v/Paris](u) = g(u) = Romeo
g[v/Paris](v) = Paris
g[v/Paris](w) = g(w) = Romeo
g[v/Paris](x) = g(x) = Laurence
g[v/Paris](y) = g(y) = Mercutio
g[v/Paris](z) = g(z) = Juliet

Meeting 4

Computing the truth value of complex formulae

Connectives

The following video presents the step-by-step computation of the truth value of two formulae with connectives. The example uses a model based on Shakespeare's play Macbeth. The two formulae are:

  • ¬ king(lady-macbeth)
  • king(duncan) ∨ king(lady-macbeth)



Back to the course page.

Meeting 3

Computing the truth value of atomic formulae

The following video presents the step-by-step computation of the truth value of two atomic formulae. The example uses a model based on Shakespeare's play Macbeth. The two formulae are:

  • kill2(macbeth,duncan)
  • kill2(lady-macbeth,macbeth)

Meeting 2

Our literary scenario

Literary scenario for this course: book and movie series Harry Potter, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter

Why it is too difficult to go directly from language to the world

The following architecture is extremely useful when talking about semantics:

  1. A natural language expressions: Harry meets Hagrid.
  2. ... is mapped to some expression from a formal language (here: predicate logic): meet2(harry,hagrid)
  3. This logical expression is then interpreted with respect to our scenario/world: The formula meet2(harry,hagrid) is true, because, in our scenario, Harry meets Hagrid.

The following properties of natural language make it useful to use the intermediate step of a logical language:

  1. The same expression can have different meanings (ambiguity).
  2. Different expressions can have the same meaning (synonyms, paraphrases)

Find examples for the above-mentioned properties (ambiguity, synonymy, paraphrases).

Check your answers

1. one form, two meaingns: Ambiguity: (see earlier in this meeting and the slides of last week's meeting)

1.a Ambiguous words: date (fruit or point in time); bank (financial institute or bank of a river)

1.b. Ambiguous sentences: Sycorax and Prospero were stranded on the island with their children.

2. two forms, one meaning:

2.a Synonymous words: couch - sofa; instant - moment

2.b Paraphrases:

  • active-passive pairs: Prospero set Ariel free. - Ariel was set free by Prospero.
  • cleft sentences: Prospero set Ariel free. - It was Prospero who set Ariel free.
  • different ways to express a possessor: Sycorax was the first inhabitant of the island. and Sycorax was the island's first inhabitant.

Towards a formal model

First steps

The following material is an adapted form of material created by student participants of the project e-Learning Resources for Semantics (e-LRS). Involved participants: Lisa, Marthe, Elisabeth, Isabelle.

You can think of building a formal model like being the producer of a film who has to collect everything that should be included in the film.

Here is a very simple story from which we can derive an example model.

Mark those elements that we need in a model.

relations
individuals
nouns
properties
relatives


What is the status of the following entities in the video on Little Red Riding Hood?

individualpropertyrelation
Red Riding Hood
lives in the forest
Grandmother
is afternoon snack for
has a red hood
has a big mouth
is grandmother of


The universe and name symbols

Task: Assume three individuals from our Harry Potter-scenario.

Formally we collect the individuals of our model in a so-called universe (U). For the fairy-tale story, we can define the universe as follows:

U = {Redridinghood, Grandmother, Wolf}

Do a similar definition for your own scenario.

We can introduce name symbols for some of our individuals. For example: redridinghood, grandmother, wolf.

We link the name symbols to the individuals in our modal. To do this, we introduce the interpretation function. We will written the interpretation function as as I.
This function can be defined in the following way:

I(grandmother) = Grandmother
I(redridinghood) = Red Riding Hood
I(wolf) = Wolf


Properties and predicate symbols

A property is a specification that either holds of an individual or not. In the little story, having a big mouth is a property of the Wolf, but of noone else in the story. Being female holds of both Little Red Riding Hood and the Grandmother.

We can think of a property as the set of individuals that have this property. Under this view, the property of being female would be the set {Redridinghood, Grandmother}.

Alternatively it is convenient to think of properties as 1-place relations. Under this view, the property of being female would be a set of lists of length 1. This is what the property of being female then looks like: { <Redridinghood>, <Grandmother> }

Task: Using your Game of Thrones universe, define two properties in the format of 1-place relations.

Just like before, we want to have symbols that we can use in the logical language. For our example, let's take the predicate symbols female_1 and has-big-mouth_1. There interpretation is defined as follows:

I(female_1) = { < x > | x is female } = { <Redridinghood>, <Grandmother> }.

Task: For each of your properties, invent an appropriate predicate symbol. Define its interpretation.

Meeting 1

Literary scenario of our class: Harry Potter

Check the plot summaries of the books/movies for example on wikipedia: