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= Exercises for chapter 5: Simple LRS =  
= Exercises for chapter 5: Simple LRS =  


== New notation ==
== Functional notation ==


<quiz display="simple">
We have introduced the functional notation and the eventuality variable in chapter 5. What are the new formulae that correspond to the formulae from chapter 2?
{We have introduced the functional notation and the eventuality variable in chapter 5. What are the new formulae that correspond to the formulae from chapter 2?}
 
<quiz display=simple>


{Notation from chapter 2: '''hobbit'''('''frodo''')<br />
{Notation from chapter 2: '''hobbit'''('''frodo''')<br />
New notation:}
New notation:
|type="[]"}
- '''frodo'''&bull;'''hobbit'''
- '''frodo'''&bull;'''hobbit'''
|| The functor ('''hobbit''') must precede the argument ('''frodo''').
|| The functor ('''hobbit''') must precede the argument ('''frodo''').
Line 13: Line 15:


{Notation from chapter 2: '''walk'''('''frodo''')<br />
{Notation from chapter 2: '''walk'''('''frodo''')<br />
New notation:}
New notation:
|type="[]"}
- '''walk'''&bull;'''frodo'''
- '''walk'''&bull;'''frodo'''
|| We introduced an eventuality variable for verbs. Typically written as ''e'' or ''s''.
|| We introduced an eventuality variable for verbs. Typically written as ''e'' or ''s''.
Line 22: Line 25:


{Notation from chapter 2: '''help'''('''aragorn''','''frodo''')<br />
{Notation from chapter 2: '''help'''('''aragorn''','''frodo''')<br />
New notation:}
New notation:
|type="[]"}
+ (('''help'''&bull;''e'')&bull;'''frodo''')&bull;'''aragorn'''
+ (('''help'''&bull;''e'')&bull;'''frodo''')&bull;'''aragorn'''
- (('''help'''&bull;''e'')&bull;'''aragorn''')&bull;'''frodo'''
- (('''help'''&bull;''e'')&bull;'''aragorn''')&bull;'''frodo'''
Line 30: Line 34:


</quiz>
</quiz>
{{FeedbackExercises}}


== Semantic types ==
== Semantic types ==


<quiz display="simple">
<quiz display=simple>
{Add the semantic types in the blanks. Use simple letters ("e" or "t") for simple types. Use round brackets for complex types (for example: "(e,t)").}
{Add the semantic types in the blanks. Use simple letters ("e" or "t") for simple types. Use round brackets for complex types (for example: "(e,t)").}


Line 45: Line 51:
e. ('''hobit'''&bull;''x'')_{ t _13}
e. ('''hobit'''&bull;''x'')_{ t _13}


{Add the semantic types for complex expressions.
{Add the semantic types for complex expressions:
|type = "{}"}
|type="{}"}
a. '''hobbit'''_{ (e,t) _5} &bull; ''y''_{ e _5 })_{ t _5 }
 
a. (('''walk'''_{ (e,(e,t)) _9 } &bull; ''e''_{ e _1 }) &bull; '''aragorn'''_{ e _1 })_{ t _1 }
b. ('''hobbit'''_{ (e,t) _5} &bull; ''y''_{ e _1 })_{ t _1 }
 
</quiz>
 
{{FeedbackExercises}}
 
== Sorts and sortal restrictions ==
 
<quiz display=simple>
{Indicate the semantic sort of the underlined noun phrase.
|type="[]"}
| eventuality | object | kind | group
---+ <u>The committee</u> gathered around the meeting room.
-+-- The committee gathered in the <u>the meeting room</u>.
--+- They discussed who it might be possible to save <u>the panda</u> from extinction.
+--- Where will <u>their next meeting</u> take place?
 


</quiz>
</quiz>
{{FeedbackExercises}}
== Basic combinatorics: Canonical examples ==
<quiz display=simple>
{Sentence: ''Pat snored.''<br />Logical form: ('''snore''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''pat'''<br />
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?
|type="[]"}
|''e'' &brvbar;|'''pat''' &brvbar; | '''snore''' &brvbar;| '''snore''' &bull; ''e'' &brvbar;| ('''snore''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''pat'''
-+--- ''Pat''
+-+++ ''snored''
{Sentence: ''Pat likes Chris.''<br />Logical form: (('''like''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''chris''') &bull; '''pat'''<br />
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?
|type="[]"}
|''e'' &brvbar;|'''pat''' &brvbar;| '''chris''' &brvbar;| '''like''' &brvbar;| '''like''' &bull; ''e'' &brvbar;| ('''like''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''chris''' &brvbar;| (('''like''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''chris''') &bull; '''pat'''
-+----- ''Pat''
+--++++ ''likes''
--+---- ''Chris''
</quiz>
== Basic combinatorics: Examples with semantically "empty" elements ==
=== Copula and argument-marking preposition ===
<quiz display=simple>
{Sentence: ''Alex is happy.''<br />Logical form: (('''happy''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''alex''')<br />
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?
|type="[]"}
|''e'' &brvbar; |'''alex''' &brvbar; |'''happy''' &brvbar; | '''happy''' &bull; ''e'' &brvbar; | ('''happy''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''alex'''
-+--- ''Alex''
+-+-- ''is''
+-+++ ''happy''
|| The copula ''be'' is a CONTENT-raiser, i.e., its CONTENT value is identical with that of its complement, here the adjective ''happy''.
|| The PARTS list of ''be'' only contains those elements that are also in the CONTENT (at least while we ignore tense).
{Sentence: ''Alex had been happy.''<br />Logical form (ignoring tense and aspect!): (('''happy''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''alex''')<br />
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?
|type="[]"}
|''e'' &brvbar; |'''alex''' &brvbar; |'''happy''' &brvbar; | '''happy''' &bull; ''e'' &brvbar; | ('''happy''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''alex'''
-+--- ''Alex''
+-+-- ''had''
+-+-- ''been''
+-+++ ''happy''
|| The copula ''be'' and the perfect auxiliary ''have'' are CONTENT-raisers. So, ''been'' has the same CONTENT as the adjective ''happy'',
|| and ''has'' has the same CONTENT value as ''been''.
{Sentence: ''Pat waited for Chris''<br />Logical form: (('''wait''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''chris''') &bull; '''pat'''<br />
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?
|type="[]"}
|''e'' &brvbar; | '''chris''' &brvbar; | '''pat''' &brvbar; | '''wait''' &brvbar; | '''wait''' &bull; ''e'' &brvbar; | ('''wait''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''chris''' &brvbar; | (('''wait''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''chris''') &bull; '''pat'''
--+---- ''Pat''
+--++++ ''waited''
-+----- ''for''
-+----- ''Chris''
|| The preposition ''for'' is used as an argument-marking preposition in this example. As such, it is a CONTENT-raiser, i.e., its CONTENT value is identical with that of its complement, ''Chris'' here.
|| For the proper name ''Chris'' the name constant '''chris''' is both its DR and its MAIN value. Therefore, the preposition only contributes this constant.
{Sentence: ''Kim is proud of Fido''<br />Logical form: (('''proud-of''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''fido''') &bull; '''kim'''<br />
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?
|type="[]"}
|''e'' &brvbar; | '''kim''' &brvbar; | '''fido''' &brvbar; | '''proud-of''' &brvbar; | '''proud-of''' &bull; ''e'' &brvbar; | ('''proud-of''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''fido''' &brvbar; | (('''proud-of''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''fido''') &bull; '''kim'''
-+----- ''Kim''
+--+--- ''is''
+--++++ ''proud''
--+---- ''of''
--+---- ''Fido''
|| This example uses two CONTENT raisers, the copula ''be'' and the argument-marking preposition ''of''.
</quiz>
{{FeedbackExercises}}
=== Nominal expletives ===
<quiz display=simple>
{Sentence: ''It stormed.''<br />Logical form: '''storm''' &bull; ''s''<br />
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?
|type="[]"}
|''s'' &brvbar; |'''storm''' &brvbar; | '''storm''' &bull; ''s''
+-- ''It''
+++ ''stormed''
|| The expletive ''it'' just redundantly contributes the eventuality variable of the weather verb ''rain''.
{Sentence: ''It was snowing.''<br />Logical form: '''snow''' &bull; ''s''<br />
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?
|type="[]"}
|''s'' &brvbar; |'''snow''' &brvbar; | '''snow''' &bull; ''s''
+-- ''It''
++- ''was''
+++ ''snowing''
|| The copula ''was'' is a CONTENT raiser, i.e., its DR and MAIN values are identical with those of its complement, ''snowing''.
|| The copula also syntactically raises the subject requirement of the verb ''snow''. Therefore, an expletive ''it'' must occur as the subject.
|| The expletive ''it'' only contributes an eventuality variable, and does so redundantly.
</quiz>
{{FeedbackExercises}}
=== Other constructions ===
<quiz display="simple">
{Sentence: ''Pat did not call.''<br />Logical form: &not; (('''call''' &bull; e) &bull; '''pat'''<br />
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?
|type="[]"}
|''e'' &brvbar; | '''pat''' &brvbar; | '''call''' &brvbar; | '''call''' &bull; ''e'' &brvbar; | ('''call''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''pat''' &brvbar; | &not; (('''call''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''pat''')
-+---- ''Pat''
+-+--- ''did''
-----+ ''not''
+-+++- ''call''
|| The auxiliary ''did'' is a CONTENT raiser, i.e. its contributes the DR and the MAIN value, which are identical with those of the complement, ''call''.
{Sentence: Alex gave up on Pat.<br />Logical form: (('''give-up''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''pat''') &bull; '''alex'''<br />
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?
|type="[]"}
|''e'' &brvbar; | '''alex''' &brvbar; | '''pat''' &brvbar; | '''give-up''' &brvbar; | '''give-up''' &bull; ''e'' &brvbar; | ('''give-up''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''pat''' &brvbar; | (('''give-up''' &bull; ''e'') &bull; '''pat''') &bull; '''alex'''
-+----- ''Alex''
+--++++ ''gave''
+------ ''up''
--+---- ''on''
--+---- ''Pat''
|| The particle ''up'' is treated as a non-nominal expletive, i.e., its semantic contribution is just like that of expletive ''it'',
|| just the discourse referent of the head that selects the particle.
|| The sentence also contains an argument-marking preposition, ''on'', which is a CONTENT-raiser.
</quiz>
{{FeedbackExercises}}
<hr />
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* the material for [[Textbook-chapters#Chapter_5:_Simplified_LRS|chapter 5]]
* the overview over [[Textbook-chapters|all chapters]].

Latest revision as of 22:44, 24 June 2014

Exercises for chapter 5: Simple LRS

Functional notation

We have introduced the functional notation and the eventuality variable in chapter 5. What are the new formulae that correspond to the formulae from chapter 2?

1 Notation from chapter 2: hobbit(frodo)
New notation:

frodohobbit
hobbitfrodo

2 Notation from chapter 2: walk(frodo)
New notation:

walkfrodo
(walke)•frodo
(walkfrodo)•e

3 Notation from chapter 2: help(aragorn,frodo)
New notation:

((helpe)•frodo)•aragorn
((helpe)•aragorn)•frodo
((helparagorn)•frodo)•e


Feel free to send feedback on this exercise to Manfred Sailer.

Semantic types

Add the semantic types in the blanks. Use simple letters ("e" or "t") for simple types. Use round brackets for complex types (for example: "(e,t)").

1 Add the types for simple expressions:

a. frodo_


b. hobbit_


c. walk_


d. help_


e. (hobitx)_

2 Add the semantic types for complex expressions:

a. ((walk_

e_

) • aragorn_

)_

b. (hobbit_

y_

)_


Feel free to send feedback on this exercise to Manfred Sailer.

Sorts and sortal restrictions

Indicate the semantic sort of the underlined noun phrase.

eventuality object kind group
The committee gathered around the meeting room.
The committee gathered in the the meeting room.
They discussed who it might be possible to save the panda from extinction.
Where will their next meeting take place?


Feel free to send feedback on this exercise to Manfred Sailer.

Basic combinatorics: Canonical examples

1 Sentence: Pat snored.
Logical form: (snoree) • pat
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?

e ¦pat ¦ snore ¦ snoree ¦ (snoree) • pat
Pat
snored

2 Sentence: Pat likes Chris.
Logical form: ((likee) • chris) • pat
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?

e ¦pat ¦ chris ¦ like ¦ likee ¦ (likee) • chris ¦ ((likee) • chris) • pat
Pat
likes
Chris


Basic combinatorics: Examples with semantically "empty" elements

Copula and argument-marking preposition

1 Sentence: Alex is happy.
Logical form: ((happye) • alex)
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?

e ¦ alex ¦ happy ¦ happye ¦ (happye) • alex
Alex
is
happy

2 Sentence: Alex had been happy.
Logical form (ignoring tense and aspect!): ((happye) • alex)
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?

e ¦ alex ¦ happy ¦ happye ¦ (happye) • alex
Alex
had
been
happy

3 Sentence: Pat waited for Chris
Logical form: ((waite) • chris) • pat
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?

e ¦ chris ¦ pat ¦ wait ¦ waite ¦ (waite) • chris ¦ ((waite) • chris) • pat
Pat
waited
for
Chris

4 Sentence: Kim is proud of Fido
Logical form: ((proud-ofe) • fido) • kim
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?

e ¦ kim ¦ fido ¦ proud-of ¦ proud-ofe ¦ (proud-ofe) • fido ¦ ((proud-ofe) • fido) • kim
Kim
is
proud
of
Fido


Feel free to send feedback on this exercise to Manfred Sailer.

Nominal expletives

1 Sentence: It stormed.
Logical form: storms
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?

s ¦ storm ¦ storms
It
stormed

2 Sentence: It was snowing.
Logical form: snows
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?

s ¦ snow ¦ snows
It
was
snowing


Feel free to send feedback on this exercise to Manfred Sailer.

Other constructions

1 Sentence: Pat did not call.
Logical form: ¬ ((call • e) • pat
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?

e ¦ pat ¦ call ¦ calle ¦ (calle) • pat ¦ ¬ ((calle) • pat)
Pat
did
not
call

2 Sentence: Alex gave up on Pat.
Logical form: ((give-upe) • pat) • alex
Which parts of the logical form are contributed by which word?

e ¦ alex ¦ pat ¦ give-up ¦ give-upe ¦ (give-upe) • pat ¦ ((give-upe) • pat) • alex
Alex
gave
up
on
Pat


Feel free to send feedback on this exercise to Manfred Sailer.


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