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= Wikipage of Group 4 =
= Group 4 - Implicatures =


== Overview ==
== Overview ==
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* [[User:Stephie R.| Stephie R.]]
* [[User:Stephie R.| Stephie R.]]
* [[User:Jennifer Borchert| Jenny]]
* [[User:Jennifer Borchert| Jenny]]
* [[User:Anna P.| Anna P.]]
* [[User:Anna P.| Anna P.]]<br><br>
* [[User:Elena|Elena]]


=== Short description of the topic ===
=== Short Description of the Topic ===
<!-- Give a short description of your topic-->


An implicature is anything that is inferred from an utterance but that is not a condition for the truth of the utterance.
An implicature is anything that is inferred from an utterance but that is not a condition for the truth of the utterance, or as the [http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/implicature?q=implicature OED] defines it a " meaning beyond the literal sense of what is explicitly stated".  
There are different types of implicatures. Below you find a brief overview:


* Convesational implicatures
For example, if we take the following short dialogue:
 
A: Can you tell me the time?<br>
B: Well, the milkman has come.<br>
(Levinson, 1997, p.107)
 
It may at first seem that speaker B's answer has no relevance to speaker A's question. However, speaker B is in fact implying more than he or she actually <nowiki>'says'</nowiki>. Both speakers obviously share knowledge about the time at which the milkman normally comes and therefore Speaker B is actually suggesting that it is possible to calculate the approximate time from this fact. Speaker A is therefore able to infer information about the time from speaker B's answer.
 
The implicature could be +> No, I don't have the exact time, but the milkman has aready come and he normally comes at 9:00, so it must be some time shortly after 9:00.
 
This is an example of a (particularized) conversational implicature, however there are a number of different types of implicatures. Below is a brief overview:
 
* Conversational implicatures
** Generalized conversational implicatures
** Generalized conversational implicatures
** Particularized conversational implicatures
** Particularized conversational implicatures
*Scalar implicatures
*Scalar implicatures
*Conventional implicatures
*Conventional implicatures
*Potential implicature: A potential implicature is an implicature that would arise from any of the components of a given utterance if that component were uttered in some linguistic or extralinguistic context.
*Potential implicatures
*Actual implicature: an actual implicature is any potential implicature that is not canceled by its context.
*Actual implicatures<br>
<br>
<span style="color:#00CC00">Students often have difficulties distinguishing between </span>[[Glossary:Implicature| implicatures]], [[Glossary:presupposition| presuppositions]] <span style="color:#00CC00">and </span>[[Glossary:entailment| entailments]].<span style="color:#00CC00">Click on each word for a brief definition.</span><br><br>
<span style="color:#00CC00">Would you like to know more about implicatures? If so, please click [http://prezi.com/j0e85-li2vad/implicatures/ here] to view our Prezi presentation on implicatures!</span><br><br>


=== References and Links ===
== References and Links ==


==== References ====
==== References ====
<!-- Indicate at least 3 references that you will use for your topic -->


*Bieswanger, Markus & Annette Becker (2006): Introduction to English Linguistics (2nd edition). Tübingen and Basel: A. Francke Verlag.
*Bieswanger, Markus & Annette Becker (2006): Introduction to English Linguistics (2nd edition). Tübingen and Basel: A. Francke Verlag.
Line 38: Line 49:


==== Links ====
==== Links ====
<!-- Indicate links that may be helpful for your topic. -->


* [http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/implicature?q=implicature Definition of implicature from the Oxford English Dictionary]
* [http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/implicature?q=implicature Definition of implicature from the Oxford English Dictionary]
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/implicature/ Definition and detailed explanation from the Stanford Encylopedia of Philosophy]
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/implicature/ Definition and detailed explanation from the Stanford Encylopedia of Philosophy]
* [http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/semantics.htm#6 Definition from Universal Teacher]
* [http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/semantics.htm#6 Definition of implicature from Universal Teacher]
* [http://www.glottopedia.de/index.php/Implicature Glottopedia Entry on Implicature]
* [http://www.glottopedia.de/index.php/Implicature Glottopedia Entry on Implicature]<br>
<br>


= Our e-learning objects =
= Our E-learning Objects =


== Our wiki pages ==
== Our Glossary Entries ==
<!-- List all the wiki pages that were created by your group. -->


=== in the [[Basic Glossary]]: ===
in the [[Basic Glossary]]:
* [[Glossary:Connotation| connotation]]
* [[Glossary:Connotation| connotation]]
* [[Glossary:extension| extension]]
* [[Glossary:extension| extension]]
* [[Glossary:Idiom| idiom]]
* [[Glossary:Idiom| idiom]]
* [[Glossary:Implicature| implicature]]
* [[Glossary:Implicature| implicature]]
* [[Glossary:Meronymy| meronymy]]
* [[Glossary:Meronymy| meronymy]]<br><br>
 
== Our Prezi Presentation ==
 
See our [http://prezi.com/j0e85-li2vad/implicatures/ Prezi] for an overview of some of the main topics of implicatures, including:
*Grice's theory of implicatures (the cooperative principle and the maxims)
*(Particularized) conversational implicatures
*Conventional implicatures
*Scalar implicatures.
*Characteristic properties of implicatures
*Tests for implicatures<br>
<br>
<span style="color:#00CC00">Would you like to know more about the characteristic properties of implicatures? If so, please view our podcast below!</span><br><br>
 
== Our Podcast ==
 
<embedvideo service="youtube" dimensions="400">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUtSBL3wWZ0&feature=youtu.be</embedvideo><br>
 
'''Group 4 - The 5 Characteristic Properties of Implicatures'''<br>
 
Voice-over: Jenny<br>
Editing: Anna P., Stephanie C., Stephie R.<br>
References: Levinson, Stephen C (1997): ''Pragmatics''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br>
Music: by Dan-O at [http://www.DanoSongs.com DanoSongs.com]
<br><br>
<span style="color:#00CC00">Do you now understand implicatures? If so, test yourself using our online exercises below!</span>
<br><br>
 
<span style="color:red">Comments by [[User:Manfred|Manfred]]: There are minor problems in the podcast concerning the pronunciation of terms and the content, which is, however, why it cannot be incorporated into the main wiki.</span>
 
== Our Online Excercises ==
 
=== Exercise I===
According to Grice's theory of conversational implicature, there are four basic maxims which specify how to be cooperative in conversation: '''Quantity, Manner, Quality''' and '''Relation'''. Grice believed that implicatures arise when these maxims are violated and the speaker (relying on an assumption of cooperation) is forced to infer meaning.<br>


== Our podcasts ==
<!-- List all the podcasts that were created by your group. -->


== Our Prezi presentation ==
Which of the four maxims are violated the five dialogues below?


[http://prezi.com/j0e85-li2vad/edit/#1_3228637 Prezi - Implicatures]
(Take a look at our [http://prezi.com/j0e85-li2vad/implicatures/ Prezi presentation] if you need help with the maxims.)<br>


== Our Online Excercise ==


1. Look at the pictures below and decide which of the following figures of speech apply.
<span style="color:#00CC00">To see the solution, simply mark the line behind 'Maxim violated' under every dialogue.</span>


<span style="color:#9900FF">Irony, Sarcasm, Hyperbole or Metaphor</span>


<span style="color:#00CC00">To see the solution, simply mark the line behind the word 'solution' under every picture.</span>
a) Mom: What did you think of Junior’s childish behavior last night?
Dad: Well, boys will be boys
 
Maxim violated:<span style="color:#FFFFFF"> QUANTITY (though some of you might prefer MANNER)</span>  
 


b) Student A: Do you like Linguistics?
Student B: Well, let’s just say I don’t jump for joy before class.


[[File:1.jpg|300px]]
Maxim violated:<span style="color:#FFFFFF">  MANNER</span>


Solution:<span style="color:#FFFFFF">Hyperbole</span>


c) Teacher A: Do you have any rude students this semester?
Teacher B: All students are rude.


Maxim violated:<span style="color:#FFFFFF">  QUALITY</span>


[[File:2.jpg|300px]]


Solution:<span style="color:#FFFFFF">Irony</span>
d) Student: I was absent on Monday - did I miss anything important?
Teacher: Oh no, of course not, we never do anything important in class.


Maxim violated:<span style="color:#FFFFFF">  QUALITY</span>




[[File:3.jpg|300px]]
e) Student A: (while waiting for class to begin) Isn’t Professor X a jerk?
Student B: Uh, It really is a nice day out, isn’t it?


Solution:<span style="color:#FFFFFF">Metaphor</span>
Maxim violated:<span style="color:#FFFFFF"> RELATION</span><br>
<br>


===Exercise II===
Common examples of implicatures can be found in figures of speech such as '''Irony, Sarcasm, Hyperbole''' or '''Metaphor'''. Look at the pictures below and decide which of the figures of speech apply:<br>




[[File:4.jpg|300px]]
<span style="color:#00CC00">To see the solution, simply mark the line behind the word 'solution' under every picture.</span>


Solution:<span style="color:#FFFFFF">Sarcasm</span>


a)<br>[[File:Exercise picture 1.JPG|300px]]


'''Solution:<span style="color:#FFFFFF">  HYPERBOLE</span>'''






b)<br>[[File:Exercise picture 2.JPG|300px]]


'''Solution:<span style="color:#FFFFFF">  IRONY</span>'''


2. There are four basic maxims of conversation. <span style="color:#00CC00">Quantity, Manner, Quality, Relation.</span>
Which maxims apply for the five dialogues below?
<span style="color:#BB0000">Take a look at our Prezi presentation if you need help with the maxims.</span>


<span style="color:#00CC00">To see the solution, simply mark the line behind 'Maxim violated' under every picture.</span>


c)<br>[[File:Exercise picture 3.JPG|300px]]


'''Solution:<span style="color:#FFFFFF">  METAPHOR</span>'''


1. Mom: What did you think of Junior’s childish behavior last night?
Dad: Well, boys will be boys


Maxim violated:<span style="color:#FFFFFF">QUANTITY (though some of you might prefer MANNER)</span>


d)<br>[[File:Exercise picture 4.JPG|300px]]
'''Solution:<span style="color:#FFFFFF">  SARCASM</span><br>'''
<br>
===Exercise III===
This exercise deals with Scalar Implicatures. A linguistic scale consists of a set of linguistic
alternates, or contrastive expressions of the same grammatical category, which can be arranged in
a linear order by degree of informativeness or semantic strength.
Put the following sentences in the right order. Start with the sentence which contains the strongest
quantifier.<br>


2. Student A: Do you like Linguistics?
(Take a look at our [http://prezi.com/j0e85-li2vad/implicatures/ Prezi presentation] if you need help with the scalar implicatures.)<br>
Student B: Well, let’s just say I don’t jump for joy before class.


Maxim violated:<span style="color:#FFFFFF">MANNER</span>


<span style="color:#00CC00">Again, to see the solution, simply mark the lines under the word 'solution'.</span><br>


3. Teacher A: Do you have any rude students this semester?
Teacher B: All students are rude.


Maxim violated:<span style="color:#FFFFFF">QUALITY</span>
All of the boys went to the party.


Some of the boys went to the party.


4. Student: I was absent on Monday - did I miss anything important?
Most of the boys went to the party.
Teacher: Oh no, of course not, we never do anything important in class.


Maxim violated:<span style="color:#FFFFFF">QUALITY</span>
A few of the boys went to the party.


Many of the boys went to the party


5. Student A: (while waiting for class to begin) Isn’t Professor X a jerk?
Student B: Uh, It really is a nice day out, isn’t it?


Maxim violated:<span style="color:#FFFFFF">RELATION</span>
'''Solution:'''<br /><br>
<span style="color:#FFFFFF">All of the boys went to the party.</span><br>


<span style="color:#FFFFFF">Most of the boys went to the party.</span><br>


<span style="color:#FFFFFF">Many of the boys went to the party.</span><br>


<span style="color:#FFFFFF">Some of the boys went to the party.</span><br>


<span style="color:red">Comment Sailer: Please turn these into wiki exercises!</span>
<span style="color:#FFFFFF">A few of the boys went to the party.</span><br><br>
--------


== Our pictures ==
== Our Pictures ==


<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Frankfurt.jpg|Beautiful Frankfurt
File:Frankfurt.jpg|Beautiful Frankfurt - Anna P.
File:StephanieC.jpg|Stephanie C
File:StephanieCh.jpg|Stephanie C
File:Eule mit Tusche.jpg|Owl Illustration
File:Eule mit Tusche.jpg|Owl Illustration - Stephie R.
File:JenniferBorchert.jpg|Jenny
File:Exercise picture 1.JPG|a
File:Exercise picture 2.JPG|b
File:Exercise picture 3.JPG|c
File:Exercise picture 4.JPG|d
</gallery>
</gallery>

Latest revision as of 17:54, 3 April 2016

Warning:
The material on this page has been created as part of a seminar. It is still heavily under construction and we do not guarantee its correctness. If you have comments on this page or suggestions for improvement, please contact Manfred Sailer.
This note will be removed once the page has been carefully checked and integrated into the main part of this wiki.

Group 4 - Implicatures

Overview

Members

Short Description of the Topic

An implicature is anything that is inferred from an utterance but that is not a condition for the truth of the utterance, or as the OED defines it a " meaning beyond the literal sense of what is explicitly stated".

For example, if we take the following short dialogue:

A: Can you tell me the time?
B: Well, the milkman has come.
(Levinson, 1997, p.107)

It may at first seem that speaker B's answer has no relevance to speaker A's question. However, speaker B is in fact implying more than he or she actually 'says'. Both speakers obviously share knowledge about the time at which the milkman normally comes and therefore Speaker B is actually suggesting that it is possible to calculate the approximate time from this fact. Speaker A is therefore able to infer information about the time from speaker B's answer.

The implicature could be +> No, I don't have the exact time, but the milkman has aready come and he normally comes at 9:00, so it must be some time shortly after 9:00.

This is an example of a (particularized) conversational implicature, however there are a number of different types of implicatures. Below is a brief overview:

  • Conversational implicatures
    • Generalized conversational implicatures
    • Particularized conversational implicatures
  • Scalar implicatures
  • Conventional implicatures
  • Potential implicatures
  • Actual implicatures


Students often have difficulties distinguishing between implicatures, presuppositions and entailments.Click on each word for a brief definition.

Would you like to know more about implicatures? If so, please click here to view our Prezi presentation on implicatures!

References and Links

References

  • Bieswanger, Markus & Annette Becker (2006): Introduction to English Linguistics (2nd edition). Tübingen and Basel: A. Francke Verlag.
  • Grice, Paul (1975): Logic and conversation. In P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds): Syntax and Semantics 3, 41-58. New York: Academic Press.
  • Levinson, Stephen C (1983): Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Yule, George (1996): Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Links


Our E-learning Objects

Our Glossary Entries

in the Basic Glossary:

Our Prezi Presentation

See our Prezi for an overview of some of the main topics of implicatures, including:

  • Grice's theory of implicatures (the cooperative principle and the maxims)
  • (Particularized) conversational implicatures
  • Conventional implicatures
  • Scalar implicatures.
  • Characteristic properties of implicatures
  • Tests for implicatures


Would you like to know more about the characteristic properties of implicatures? If so, please view our podcast below!

Our Podcast


Group 4 - The 5 Characteristic Properties of Implicatures

Voice-over: Jenny
Editing: Anna P., Stephanie C., Stephie R.
References: Levinson, Stephen C (1997): Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Music: by Dan-O at DanoSongs.com

Do you now understand implicatures? If so, test yourself using our online exercises below!

Comments by Manfred: There are minor problems in the podcast concerning the pronunciation of terms and the content, which is, however, why it cannot be incorporated into the main wiki.

Our Online Excercises

Exercise I

According to Grice's theory of conversational implicature, there are four basic maxims which specify how to be cooperative in conversation: Quantity, Manner, Quality and Relation. Grice believed that implicatures arise when these maxims are violated and the speaker (relying on an assumption of cooperation) is forced to infer meaning.


Which of the four maxims are violated the five dialogues below?

(Take a look at our Prezi presentation if you need help with the maxims.)


To see the solution, simply mark the line behind 'Maxim violated' under every dialogue.


a) Mom: What did you think of Junior’s childish behavior last night? Dad: Well, boys will be boys

Maxim violated: QUANTITY (though some of you might prefer MANNER)


b) Student A: Do you like Linguistics? Student B: Well, let’s just say I don’t jump for joy before class.

Maxim violated: MANNER


c) Teacher A: Do you have any rude students this semester? Teacher B: All students are rude.

Maxim violated: QUALITY


d) Student: I was absent on Monday - did I miss anything important? Teacher: Oh no, of course not, we never do anything important in class.

Maxim violated: QUALITY


e) Student A: (while waiting for class to begin) Isn’t Professor X a jerk? Student B: Uh, It really is a nice day out, isn’t it?

Maxim violated: RELATION

Exercise II

Common examples of implicatures can be found in figures of speech such as Irony, Sarcasm, Hyperbole or Metaphor. Look at the pictures below and decide which of the figures of speech apply:


To see the solution, simply mark the line behind the word 'solution' under every picture.


a)
Exercise picture 1.JPG

Solution: HYPERBOLE


b)
Exercise picture 2.JPG

Solution: IRONY


c)
Exercise picture 3.JPG

Solution: METAPHOR


d)
Exercise picture 4.JPG

Solution: SARCASM

Exercise III

This exercise deals with Scalar Implicatures. A linguistic scale consists of a set of linguistic alternates, or contrastive expressions of the same grammatical category, which can be arranged in a linear order by degree of informativeness or semantic strength. Put the following sentences in the right order. Start with the sentence which contains the strongest quantifier.

(Take a look at our Prezi presentation if you need help with the scalar implicatures.)


Again, to see the solution, simply mark the lines under the word 'solution'.


All of the boys went to the party.

Some of the boys went to the party.

Most of the boys went to the party.

A few of the boys went to the party.

Many of the boys went to the party


Solution:

All of the boys went to the party.

Most of the boys went to the party.

Many of the boys went to the party.

Some of the boys went to the party.

A few of the boys went to the party.


Our Pictures