Semantics 1, SoSe 2014: Difference between revisions

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* [[Semantics 1, SoSe 2014: Mock exam|Mock exam with solutions]]
* [[Semantics 1, SoSe 2014: Mock exam|Mock exam with solutions]]
* [[Semantics 1, SoSe 2014: Wiki-based term papers|Wiki-based term papers]]
* [[Semantics 1, SoSe 2014: Wiki-based term papers|Wiki-based term papers]]
Mock exam file: [[File:mock-exam-sose14.pdf]]
The examples in the text are based on Shakespeare's play ''Macbeth''. The full text of the play is available on [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2264 Projekt Gutenberg].
=== Task 1: Ambiguity ===
Consider the following ambiguous sentences.
# For '''each''' of these, determine the type of ambiguity.
# Provide an unambiguous paraphrase for the possible readings.
(1)
a. Duncan trusted Macbeth because he was a thane.
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# Type of ambiguity: referential ambiguity
# Reading 1: ''he'' refers to ''Macbeth''. Paraphrase: ''Duncan trusted Macbeth because Macbeth was a thane.''<br />Reading 2: ''he'' refers to ''Duncan''. Paraphrase: ''Duncan trusted Macbeth because Duncan was a thane.''
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b. Every king trusts a thane.
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# Type of ambiguity: scope ambiguity
# Reading 1: ''every'' takes scope over ''a''. Paraphrase: ''For every king there is at least one thane such that the king trusts that thane.''<br />Reading 2: ''a'' takes scope over ''every''. Paraphrase: ''There is one particular thane such that each king trusts this thane.''
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b. Macbeth and Macduff are married.
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# Type of ambiguity: collective-distributive ambiguity
# Reading 1: collective reading. Paraphrase: ''Macbeth and Macduff are married to each other''<br />Reading 2: distributive reading. Paraphrase: ''Macbeth and Macduff are both married, but not to each other.''
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b. Macbeth killed a king with a dagger.
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# Type of ambiguity: structural ambiguity
# Reading 1: the PP ''with a dagger'' is a modifier of the verb ''kill'' Paraphrase: ''Macbeth used a dagger to kill a king.''<br />Reading 2: the PP ''with a dagger'' is a modifier of the noun ''king''. Paraphrase: ''Macbeth killed a king who had a dagger.''
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=== Task 2: Model and Interpretation ===
(Note: For this task you do not need to use the functional notation
and the types)
1. Define a universe that consists of Macbeth and Banquo.
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''U'' = { ''Macbeth'', ''Banquo'' }
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2. Define the interpretation of the names '''macbeth''' and '''banquo''' in an intuitively plausible way.
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I('''macbeth''') = ''Macbeth'', <br /> I('''banquo''') = ''Banquo''
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3. Define the interpretation of the properties '''thane''', '''king''',
and '''witch''' is such a way that Macbeth is a king,  both are thanes and neither is a witch.
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I('''thane''') = {''Macbeth'', ''Banquo''},<br /> I('''king''') = {''Macbeth''},<br /> I('''witch''') = {}
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4. Define the interpretation of the 2-place relations '''mistrust''' and '''kill''' in such a way that Macbeth and Banquo mistrust each other and Macbeth kills Banquo.
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I('''mistrust''') = {<''Macbeth'', ''Banquo''>, <''Banquo'', ''Mactbeth''>},<br /> I('''kill''') = {<''Macbeth'',''Banquo''}
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=== Task 3: Formulae ===
Write down logical formulae that express the meaning of the following sentences.
1. Banquo is a thane.
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'''thane'''('''banquo''')
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2. Macbeth is king and Macbeth mistrusts Banquo.
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'''king'''('''macbeth''') &and; '''mistrust'''('''macbeth''','''banquo''')
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3. If Banquo is king then Macbeth does not kill Banquo.
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'''king'''('''banquo''') &sup; &not; '''kill'''('''macbeth''','''banquo''')
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Latest revision as of 07:42, 4 July 2014

Material for the seminar Semantics 1, summer term 2014, Goethe University, Frankfurt a.M.

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