Exercise Implicatures: Difference between revisions

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{{CreatedByStudents1213}}<br />''Involved participants: [[User:Slc| Stephanie C.]], [[User:Stephie R.| Stephie R.]], [[User:Jennifer Borchert| Jenny]], [[User:Anna P.| Anna P.]]
{{CreatedByStudents1213}}<br />''Involved participants: [[User:Slc| Stephanie C.]], [[User:Stephie R.| Stephie R.]], [[User:Jennifer Borchert| Jenny]], [[User:Anna P.| Anna P.]]


===Implicatures===


==Grice's Conversational Maxims==
==Grice's Conversational Maxims==
According to Grice's theory of conversational implicature, there are four basic maxims which specify how to be cooperative in conversation: Quantity, Manner, Quality and Relation. Grice believed that implicatures arise when these maxims are violated and the speaker (relying on an assumption of cooperation) is forced to infer meaning.
According to Grice's theory of conversational implicature, there are four basic maxims which specify how to be cooperative in conversation: Quantity, Manner, Quality and Relation. Grice believed that implicatures arise when these maxims are violated and the speaker (relying on an assumption of cooperation) is forced to infer meaning.


Line 11: Line 11:
|type="()"}
|type="()"}
| Quantity | Manner | Quality | Relation
| Quantity | Manner | Quality | Relation
+--- Mom: What did you think of Junior’s childish behavior last night? Dad: Well, boys will be boys
---+ Mom: What did you think of Junior’s childish behavior last night? Dad: Well, boys will be boys
|| some of you might prefer '''manner'''
|| The father's reply is seemingly unrelated to the question.
-+-- Student A: Do you like Linguistics? Student B: Well, let’s just say I don’t jump for joy before class.
-+-- Student A: Do you like Linguistics? Student B: Well, let’s just say I don’t jump for joy before class.
--+- Teacher A: Do you have any rude students this semester? Teacher B: All students are rude.
|| The reply is inadequately lengthy.
--+- Student: I was absent on Monday - did I miss anything important? Teacher: Oh no, of course not, we never do anything important in class.
--+- Student: I was absent on Monday - did I miss anything important? Teacher: Oh no, of course not, we never do anything important in class.  
---+ Student A: (while waiting for class to begin) Isn’t Professor X a jerk? Student B: Uh, It really is a nice day out, isn’t it?
|| The teacher says something she (hopefully!) does not believe to be true.
+--- Student A: Can you tell me where the lecture is? Student B: It is in room 254, the room in which I had my first university class ever.
|| B's answer is correct but gives more information than is required.
|| If you indicated that it is (also) a violation of Relation, that's fine, too. (The additional information is not relevant to answer the question).
</quiz>
 
The youtube video at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oI9tFOcVnV4 contains short clips with examples of violations of the four maxims.
 
 
==Scalar Implicatures==
 
 
This exercise deals with Scalar Implicatures. A linguistic scale consists of a set of linguistic
alternates, or contrastive expressions of the same grammatical category, which can be arranged in
a linear order by degree of informativeness or semantic strength.
(Take a look at the participants' [http://prezi.com/j0e85-li2vad/implicatures/ Prezi presentation] if you need help with the scalar implicatures.)
 
<quiz display=simple>
 
{Put the following sentences in the right order. Start with the sentence which contains the strongest quantifier.
|type="()"}
| Strongest | ---> | ---> | Weakest
+--- All of the boys went to the party.
--+- Many of the boys went to the party
---+ Some of the boys went to the party.
-+-- Most of the boys went to the party.
 
 
{Indicate the relative strength of the connectives.
|type = "()"}
| strongest | -> weakest
+- Alex likes books and movies.
-+ Alex likes books or movies.
 
{Indicate the relative strength of the matrix predicates with respect to the subject's commitment to the truth of the complement clause.
|type = "()"}
|strongest | ---> | weakest
-+- Pat believes that Chris loves semantics.
--+ Pat doubts that Chris loves semantics.
+-- Pat knows that Chris loves semantics.
 


</quiz>
</quiz>
==Implicatures in Figures of Speech==
<quiz display=simple>
{Common examples of implicatures can be found in figures of speech such as Irony, Sarcasm, Hyperbole or Metaphor. Look at the pictures below and decide which of the figures of speech apply:
|type="()"}
| Irony | Sarcasm | Hyperbole | Metaphor
--+- [[File:Exercise picture 1.JPG|300px]]
+--- [[File:Exercise picture 2.JPG|300px]]
---+ [[File:Exercise picture 3.JPG|300px]]
-+-- [[File:Exercise picture 4.JPG|300px]]
</quiz>
==== Navigation ====
* [[Exercise-ch1|To the exercise page for chapter 1]]
* [[Textbook-chapters|To the material by chapters overview]]
* [[FSEGA|To the main page of the textbook]]

Latest revision as of 11:27, 14 November 2013

The following material is an adapted form of material created by student participants of the project e-Learning Resources for Semantics (e-LRS).
Involved participants: Stephanie C., Stephie R., Jenny, Anna P.


Grice's Conversational Maxims

According to Grice's theory of conversational implicature, there are four basic maxims which specify how to be cooperative in conversation: Quantity, Manner, Quality and Relation. Grice believed that implicatures arise when these maxims are violated and the speaker (relying on an assumption of cooperation) is forced to infer meaning.

Which of the four maxims are violated the five dialogues below? (Take a look at the participants' Prezi presentation if you need help with the maxims.)

Quantity Manner Quality Relation
Mom: What did you think of Junior’s childish behavior last night? Dad: Well, boys will be boys
Student A: Do you like Linguistics? Student B: Well, let’s just say I don’t jump for joy before class.
Student: I was absent on Monday - did I miss anything important? Teacher: Oh no, of course not, we never do anything important in class.
Student A: Can you tell me where the lecture is? Student B: It is in room 254, the room in which I had my first university class ever.


The youtube video at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oI9tFOcVnV4 contains short clips with examples of violations of the four maxims.


Scalar Implicatures

This exercise deals with Scalar Implicatures. A linguistic scale consists of a set of linguistic alternates, or contrastive expressions of the same grammatical category, which can be arranged in a linear order by degree of informativeness or semantic strength. (Take a look at the participants' Prezi presentation if you need help with the scalar implicatures.)

1 Put the following sentences in the right order. Start with the sentence which contains the strongest quantifier.

Strongest ---> ---> Weakest
All of the boys went to the party.
Many of the boys went to the party
Some of the boys went to the party.
Most of the boys went to the party.

2 Indicate the relative strength of the connectives.

strongest -> weakest
Alex likes books and movies.
Alex likes books or movies.

3 Indicate the relative strength of the matrix predicates with respect to the subject's commitment to the truth of the complement clause.

strongest ---> weakest
Pat believes that Chris loves semantics.
Pat doubts that Chris loves semantics.
Pat knows that Chris loves semantics.


Implicatures in Figures of Speech

Common examples of implicatures can be found in figures of speech such as Irony, Sarcasm, Hyperbole or Metaphor. Look at the pictures below and decide which of the figures of speech apply:

Irony Sarcasm Hyperbole Metaphor
Exercise picture 1.JPG
Exercise picture 2.JPG
Exercise picture 3.JPG
Exercise picture 4.JPG


Navigation

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