SoSe23: Semantics 1
Course description
Semantics is the study of the (literal) meaning of words and sentences. The meaning of a sentence is usually predictable from the words in the sentence and its syntactic structure. Yet, this relationship between form and meaning is not a simple one-to-one mapping. Instead, it is rich in ambiguities, pleonastic marking and elements without any identifiable meaning contribution. We will work on an account that is founded on classical tools of semantic research but still directly addresses these empirical challenges. After the class, the participants will be able to identify - and partly analyze - interesting semantic phenomena in naturally occurring texts. They will have acquired a basic working knowledge in formal logic, which they will be able to apply in the description of meaning
Meeting 4
Computing the truth value of complex formulae
The following video presents the step-by-step computation of the truth value of two formulae with connectives. The example uses a model based on Shakespeare's play Macbeth. The two formulae are:
- ¬ king(lady-macbeth)
- king(duncan) ∨ king(lady-macbeth)
Meeting 3
Computing the truth value of atomic formulae
The following video presents the step-by-step computation of the truth value of two atomic formulae. The example uses a model based on Shakespeare's play Macbeth. The two formulae are:
- kill2(macbeth,duncan)
- kill2(lady-macbeth,macbeth)
Meeting 2
Models
The following material is an adapted form of material created by student participants of the project e-Learning Resources for Semantics (e-LRS). Involved participants: Lisa, Marthe, Elisabeth, Isabelle.
Watch a short podcast what first-order models look like.
Based on this podcast, we can define a scenario as follows:
- Universe: U = {LittleRedRidingHood, Grandmother, Wolf}
- Properties:
- RedHood = { < x> | x wears a read hood } = { <LittleRedRidingHood> }
- Female = { <x> | x is female } = { <LittleRedRidingHood>, <Grandmother> }
- BigMouth = { <x> | x has a big mouth } = { <Wolf> }
- LiveInForest = { < x> | x lives in the forest } = { <Grandmother>, <Wolf>}
- Relations:
- GrandChildOf = { <x,y> | x is y 's grandchild } = { <LittleRedRidingHood,Grandmother > }
- AfternoonSnackOf = { <x,y> | x is y 's afternoon snack } = { <LittleRedRidingHood,Wolf > }
From this scenario, we can build a model M = < U, I >
- Universe: U = {LittleRedRidingHood, Grandmother, Wolf}
- Name symbols: NAME = {little-red-riding-hood}
Note: In our model, only one individual has a name. - Predicate symbols: PREDICATE = {red-hood1, female1, big-mouth, live-in-forest1, grand-child-of2, afternoon-snack-of2}
- Interpretation function I:
- for name symbols: I(little-red-riding-hood) = LittleRedRidingHood
- for predicate symbols:
- I(red-hood1) = RedHood = { < x> | x wears a read hood } = { <LittleRedRidingHood> }
- I(female) = Female = { <x> | x is female } = { <LittleRedRidingHood>, <Grandmother> }
- I(big-mouth1) = BigMouth = { <x> | x has a big mouth } = { <Wolf> }
- I(live-in-forest1) = LiveInForest = { < x> | x lives in the forest } = { <Grandmother>, <Wolf>}
- I(grand-child-of2) = GrandChildOf = { <x,y> | x is y 's grandchild } = { <LittleRedRidingHood,Grandmother > }
- I(afternoon-snack-of2) = AfternoonSnackOf = { <x,y> | x is y 's afternoon snack } = { <LittleRedRidingHood,Wolf > }
Meeting 1
Video
Challenging phenomena at the syntax-semantics interface
Literary scenario
Howl's moving castle:
- Wikipedia entry of the novel by Diana Wynne Jones (1986): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howl%27s_Moving_Castle
- Wikipedia entry of the 2004 movie: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howl%27s_Moving_Castle_(film)